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A  SELECTIVE  MICROFILM  EDITION 

PART  III 
(1887-1898) 


Thomas  E.  Jeffrey 
Microfilm  Editor 


Gregory  Field 
Theresa  M.  Collins 
David  W.  Hutchings 
Lisa  Gitelman 
Leonard  DeGraaf 
Dennis  D.  Madden 


Mary  Ann  Hellrigcl 
Paul  B.  Israel 
Robert  A.  Rosenberg 
Karen  A.  Detig 
Gregory  Jankunls 
Douglas  G.  Tarr 


Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 


Sponsors 

Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  New  Jersey 
National  Park  Service,  Edison  National  Historic  Site 
New  Jersey  Historical  Commission 
Smithsonian  Institution 


University  Publications  of  America 
He  tiles  da,  Maryland 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON  PAPERS 


Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 

Thomas  E.  Jeffrey 
Associate  Director  and  Microfilm  Editor 

Robert  A.  Rosenberg 
Managing  Editor,  Book  Edition 

Helen  Endlck 

Assistant  Director  for  Administration 


Associate  Editor 

Paul  B.  Israel 

Research  Associates 
Theresa  M.  Collins 
David  W.  Hutchings 
Karen  A.  Detig 


Assistant  Editors 
Keith  A.  Nier 
Gregory  Field 
Lisa  Gltelman 
Martha  J.  King 

Secretary 

Grace  Kurkowski 


Gregory  Jankunls 


Student  Assistant 
Bethany  Jankunls 


BOARD  OF  SPONSORS 


Rutgers,  The  State  University  of 
New  Jersey 

Francis  L.  Lawrence 
Joseph  J.  Seneca 
Richard  F.  Foley 
Rudolph  M.  Bell 

New  Jersey  Historical  Commission 
Howard  L.  Green 


National  Park  Service 
John  Maounis 
Maryanne  Gerbauckas 
Nancy  Waters 
George  Tselos 
Smithsonian  Institution 
Bernard  Finn 
Arthur  P.  Molella 


EDITORIAL  ADVISORY  BOARD 

James  Brittain,  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology 
Alfred  D.  Chandler,  Jr.,  Harvard  University 
Neil  Harris,  University  of  Chicago 
Thomas  Parke  Hughes,  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Arthur  Link,  Princeton  University 
Nathan  Reingold,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Robert  E.  Schofield,  Iowa  State  University 


CORPORATE  ASSOCIATES 

William  C.  Hittinger  (Chairman),  RCA  Corporation 
Edward  J.  Bloustein,  Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  New  Jersey  * 
Cees  Bruynes,  North  American  Philips  Corporation 
Paul  J.  Christiansen,  Charles  Edison  Fund 
Philip  F.  Dietz,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation 
Roland  W.  Schmitt,  General  Electric  Corporation 
Harold  W.  Sonn,  Public  Service  Electric  and  Gas  Company 
Morris  Tanenbaum,  AT&T 


•Deceased. 


FINANCIAL  CONTRIBUTORS 


PRIVATE  FOUNDATIONS 

The  Alfred  P.  Sloan  Foundation 
Charles  Edison  Fund 
The  Hyde  and  Watson  Foundation 
Geraldine  R.  Dodge  Foundation 


PUBLIC  FOUNDATIONS 

National  Science  Foundation 
National  Endowment  for  the  Humanities 
National  Historical  Publications  and 
Records  Commission 


PRIVATE  CORPORATIONS  AND  INDIVIDUALS 


Alabama  Power  Company 
Amerada  Hess  Corporation 
Anonymous 
AT&T 

Atlantic  Electric 

Association  of  Edison  Illuminating 
Companies,  Inc. 

Battelle  Memorial  Institute 
The  Boston  Edison  Foundation 
Cabot  Corporation  Foundation,  Inc. 
Carolina  Power  &  Light  Company 
Consolidated  Edison  Company  of 
New  York,  Inc. 

Consumers  Power  Company 
Coming  Glass  Works  Foundation 
Duke  Power  Company 
Entergy  Corporation  (Middle  South 
Electric  Systems) 

Exxon  Corporation 
Florida  Power  &  Light  Company 
General  Electric  Foundation 
Gould  Inc.  Foundation 
Gulf  States  Utilities  Company 
Idaho  Power  Company 
International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical 
Workers 

Iowa  Power  and  Light  Company 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  H.  Katz 
Matsushita  Electric  Industrial  Co.,  Ltd. 
McGraw-Edison  Company 
Minnesota  Power 
New  Jersey  Bell 
New  York  State  Electric  &  Gas 
Corporation 

North  American  Philips  Corporation 
Philadelphia  Electric  Company 
Philips  International  B.V. 

Public  Service  Electric  and  Gas 
Company 
RCA  Corporation 
Robert  Bosch  GmbH 
Rochester  Gas  and  Electric 
Corporation 

San  Diego  Gas  &  Electric 
Savannah  Electric  and  Power  Company 
Schering-Plough  Foundation 
Texas  Utilities  Company 
Thomas  &  Betts  Corporation 
Thomson  Grand  Public 
Transamerica  Delaval  Inc. 
Westinghouse  Educational  Foundation 
Wisconsin  Public  Service 
Corporation 


A  Note  on  the  Sources 

The  pages  which  have  been 
filmed  are  the  best  copies 
available.  Every  technical 
effort  possible  has  been 
made  to  ensure  legibility. 


PUBLICATION  AND  MICROFILM 
COPYING  RESTRICTIONS 

Reel  duplication  of  the  whole  or  of 
any  part  of  this  film  is  prohibited. 
In  lieu  of  transcripts,  however, 
enlarged  photocopies  of  selected' 
items  contained  on  these  reels 
may  be  made  in  order  to  facilitate 
research. 


PUBLISHED  WORKS  AND  OTHER  WRITINGS 


This  series  consists  of  articles  and  other  published  works  by  Edison, 
along  with  a  few  manuscripts  that  were  probably  intended  for  publication.  A 
comprehensive  bibliography  of  Edison’s  works  for  the  period  1862-1898 
precedes  the  microfilmed  documents.  Those  items  that  have  not  previously 
been  published  in  the  book  or  microfilm  editions  of  The  Papers  of  Thomas  A. 
Edison  have  been  filmed  here.  Included  are  nine  articles  describing  Edison’s 
X-ray  experiments  of  1896,  as  well  as  other  works  dealing  with  a  variety  of 
electrical  technologies  and  general  topics.  Some  of  Edison’s  publications, 
particularly  for  the  West  Orange  period,  were  based  on  research  conducted 
under  the  direction  of  various  associates.  For  example,  his  "Account  of  Some 
Experiments  upon  the  Application  of  Electrical  Endosmose  to  the  Treatment 
of  Gouty  Concretion,"  published  in  1890,  was  derived  from  a  formal  report  by 
Arthur  E.  Kennelly  (see  Kennelly  Notebook  #2,  Notebook  Series). 

Most  of  the  items  in  this  series  appeared  as  articles  in  technical  and 
scientific  journals,  popular  magazines,  and  newspapers.  Included  also  are 
letters  to  the  editor,  papers  presented  to  learned  societies,  and  chapters  and 
introductions  in  books.  Many  of  the  items  are  photocopies,  and  a  few  may  be 
difficult  to  read.  In  addition  to  the  published  works,  there  is  also  a  lengthy 
manuscript  in  Edison’s  hand  regarding  American  monetary  policy  and  the 
federal  regulation  of  business,  which  was  probably  composed  in  reaction  to  the 
Sherman  Antitrust  Act  of  1890. 


Chronological  Bibliography  of 
Published  Works  by  Thomas  A.  Edison,  1862-1898 


This  bibliography  includes  articles,  letters  to  the  editor,  and  other 
published  works  from  the  period  1862-1898  that  appeared  with  Edison’s  byline 
or  that  have  been  attributed  to  Edison.  Many  of  the  early  articles  have  been 
published  in  The  Papers  of  Thomas  A.  Edison,  Volumes  1-3  [cited  below  by 
volume  and  page  numbers]  or  in  Thomas  A.  Edison  Papers:  A  Selective 
Microfilm  Edition,  Parts  I-II  [cited  below  by  reel:  frame].  They  have  not  been 
refilmed  here.  Items  that  appear  in  Part  III  are  so  indicated.  The  documents 
have  been  filmed  in  chronological  order  according  to  the  date  of  the  journal 
or  other  publication  in  which  they  appeared. 

Articles  by  Edison  were  often  widely  reprinted.  Although  some  reprints 
are  listed  in  this  bibliography,  the  citations  should  not  be  regarded  as 
comprehensive.  No  attempt  has  been  made  to  document  Edison’s  involvement 
with  in-house  publications  like  the  Phonogram. 

[1862] 

Weekly  Herald.  12:  7. 

[1868] 

"Edison’s  Double  Transmitter.”  Telegrapher  4  (April  11, 1868):  265.  Vol.  1,  p. 
56.  Filmed  9:  354. 

"The  Induction  Relay:  To  the  Editor."  Telegrapher  4  (April  25, 1868):  282.  Vol. 


"Edison’s  Combination  Repeater."  Telegrapher  4  (May  9, 1868):  298.  Vol.  1,  pp. 


"To  the  Editor."  Telegrapher  4  (June  2,  1868):  334.  Vol.  1,  pp.  66-67. 

"Self-Adjusting  Relays."  Telegrapher  4  (August  8, 1868):  405.  Vol.  1,  pp.  76-77. 

"The  Manufacture  of  Electrical  Apparatus  in  Boston."  Telegrapher  4  (August 
15,  1868):  413-414.  Vol.  1,  pp.  77-83. 


"American  Compound  Telegraph  Wire."  Telegrapher  5  (October  17, 1868):  61. 
Vol.  1,  pp.  86-89. 


[1869] 

"Queries:  To  the  Editor."  Telegrapher  6  (October  16, 1869):  58.  Vol.  1,  p.  139. 
[1874] 

"Duplex  Telegraphy."  Part  1  of  3.  Operator  (September  1, 1874):  1.  Vol.  2,  pp. 
288-290. 

"To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  31  (September  5,  1874):  145.  Vol.  2,  pp. 
282-285.  This  item  was  reprinted  widely. 

"Platina  Points:  To  the  Editor."  Operator,  Supplement  (September  15, 1874):  2. 
Vol.  2,  pp.  302-304. 

"Duplex  -  No.  II."  Part  2  of  3.  Operator  (October  1, 1874):  1.  Vol.  2,  pp.  315- 
320.  Filmed  26:  126. 

"On  a  New  Form  of  Relay."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  2 
(October  1, 1874):  319-320.  Vol.  2,  pp.  281-282. 

"The  Electro-Motograph."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  2  (October 
1,  1874):  321-322.  Reprinted  from  Scientific  American  [see  above, 
September  5,  1874]. 

"Cable  Telegraphy:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  31  (November  7, 1874): 
292.  Vol.  2,  p.  330. 

"Duplex  -  No.  III."  Part  3  of  3.  Operator  (November  15,  1874):  1.  Vol.  2,  pp. 
332-336. 

"On  a  New  Method  of  Working  Polarised  Relays."  Telegraphic  Journal  and 
Electrical  Review  2  (November  15,  1874):  361.  Vol.  2,  pp.  320-321. 

"On  a  New  Form  of  Relay."  Operator  (November  15, 1874):  2.  Reprinted  from 
Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  [see  above]. 


"To  the  Editor."  Operator  (December  1,  1874).  Vol.  2,  p.  336. 

"Cable  Telegraphy:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  31  (December  12, 
1874):  372.  Vol.  2,  pp.  364-365. 

"The  Electromotograph,  A  New  Discoveiy  in  Telegraphy."  Journal  of  the 
Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers  &  Electricians  3  (1874):  161-163.  Reprinted 
from  Scientific  American  [see  above,  September  5, 1874]. 

[1875] 

"Electrical  Problem:  To  the  Editor."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review 
3  (January  15, 1875):  23.  Reprinted  from  Operator  [see  above,  December 
1,  1874]. 

"On  the  Imperfect  Contacts  Which  Occur  in  Signalling  with  Rigid  Contact- 
Points."  Journal  of  the  Society  of  Telegraph  Engineers  4  (1875):  117-119. 
Vol.  2,  pp.  433-435. 

[1876] 

"To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  34  (January  1,  1876):  2.  Vol.  2,  pp.  680- 
681. 

"Mr.  Edison’s  New  Force:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  34  (February  5, 
1876):  81.  Vol.  2,  pp.  753-754. 

"Mr.  Edison’s  New  Force:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  34  (February  12, 

1876) :  101.  Vol.  2,  pp.  762-763. 

"Laboratory  Notes,"  nos.  1-7.  American  Chemist  7  (October  1876):  127.  Vol.  3. 
[1877] 

"Laboratory  Notes,"  nos.  1-7.  Scientific  American  Supplement  3  (February  10, 

1877) :  913.  Reprinted  from  American  Chemist  [see  above]. 

"Laboratory  Notes,"  nos.  8-11.  American  Chemist  7  (March  1877):  356.  Vol.  3. 


"Laboratory  Notes,"  nos.  1-7.  Chemical  News  36  (September  21,  1877):  138. 
Reprinted  from  American  Chemist  [see  above]. 

"Laboratory  Notes,"  nos.  1-7.  Scientific  American  35  (November  7,  1877). 
Reprinted  from  American  Chemist  [see  above].  Filmed  94:  82. 

[1878] 

"Clocks  Which  Will  Talk:  The  Wonderful  Possibilities  of  Edison’s  Invention." 
New  York  Sun  (April  28,  1878).  Filmed  25:  173-174. 

"The  Phonograph  and  Its  Future."  Scientific  American  Supplement  124  (May  18, 
1878):  1973.  Filmed  25:  269. 

"The  Phonograph  and  Its  Future."  North  American  Review  126  (May-June 
1878):  527-536.  Reprinted  widely.  Filmed  25:  198-199. 

"To  the  Editor."  New  York  Tribune  (June  8,  1878):  5.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"The  Phonograph  and  Its  Future."  Telegraphic  Journal  6  (June  15,  1878):  250. 
Filmed  25:  265. 

"To  the  Editor."  New  York  Tribune  (June  27, 1878):  5.  Reprinted  in  Engineering 
[see  below]. 

"Mr.  Edison  on  the  Microphone:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  39  (July 
13, 1878):  20.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"To  the  Editor."  New  York  Tribune  (July  15,  1878):  5.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Professor  Hughes’s  Microphone."  Engineering  26  (July  19,  1878):  45. 
Reprinted  from  New  York  Tribune  [see  above].  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Telephonic  Repeater:  To  the  Editor."  Chemical  News  38  (July  26,  1878):  45. 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"On  the  Use  of  the  Tasimeter  for  Measuring  the  Heat  of  the  Stars  and  of  the 
Sun’s  Corona."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  (August  1878;  pub.  1879):  109-112.  Paper 


presented  to  the  AAAS  in  St.  Louis  by  Heniy  Draper,  leader  of  the 
Draper  Eclipse  Expedition.  Reprinted  elsewhere.  Filmed  94:  438-440. 

"The  Sonorous  Voltameter."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  (August  1878;  pub.  1879):  112.  Filmed  94:  440. 

"To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  39  (September  28,  1878):  196.  Filmed  in 
Part  III. 

"Telephone  Relay:  To  the  Editor."  Chemical  News  38  (October  18, 1878):  198. 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"The  Sonorous  Voltameter."  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  Series  3, 16 
(1878):  379.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above]. 

[1879] 

"On  the  Use  of  the  Tasimeter  for  Measuring  the  Heat  of  the  Stars  and  the 
Sun’s  Corona."  American  Journal  of  Science  and  Arts  Ser.  3,  17  (January 
1879):  52-55.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above]. 

"Clerac’s  Tube:  To  the  Editor."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  7 
(April  15,  1879):  131.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"On  the  Phenomena  of  Heating  Metals  in  Vacuo  by  Means  of  an  Electric 
Current."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of 
Science  28  (August  1879;  pub.  1880):  173-178.  Reprints  of  this  paper 
have  been  filmed.  See  26:  364-365  and  47:  905-908. 

"On  a  Resonant  Tuning  Fork."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  28  (August  1879;  pub.  1880):  178.  Filmed  in  Part 
III. 


"Mr.  Edison’s  Experiments:  American  Savants  Instructed  by  the  Menlo  Park 
Inventor."  New  York  Sun  (September  3,  1879).  Filmed  24:  667  and  94: 
509. 


"On  the  Phenomena  of  Heating  Metal  in  Vacuo  by  Means  of  an  Electric 
Current."  ScientificAmerican  Supplement  194  (September  20, 1879):  3089. 
Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  [see  above]. 

"The  Action  of  Heat  in  Vacuo  on  Metals."  Chemical  News  40  (September  26, 

1879) :  152-154.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above]. 

"Heating  Metals  in  Vacuo  by  the  Electric  Current."  Telegraphic  Journal  7 
(October  1, 1879):  320-321.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above].  Filmed  26: 364- 

"The  Action  of  Heat  in  Vacuo  on  Metals."  Nature  20  (October  2, 1879):  545- 
546.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science  [see  above]. 

"Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone, 
Electric  Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D. 
Appleton  &  Co.,  1879):  218-234.  This  chapter  was  reprinted  in 
subsequent  editions  of  Prescott’s  work,  the  titles  of  which  vary.  Filmed 
in  Part  III. 

"On  a  Resonant  Tuning  Fork American  Journal  of  Science  And  Arts  Ser.  3, 18 
(1879):  395.  Reprint  of  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association  for 
the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above], 

[1880] 

"The  Success  of  the  Electric  Light."  North  American  Review  131  (October 

1880) :  295-300.  Filmed  53:  380-386. 

"Telegraph."  By  Edison  and  others.  Appleton’s  Cyclopedia  2  (1880):  849-859. 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

[1882] 

"Description  of  the  Edison  Steam  Dynamo."  Co-authored  by  Charles  T.  Porter. 
Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute  114  (July  1882).  Reprinted  [see  below]. 


"Description  of  the  Edison  Steam  Dynamo."  Co-authored  by  Charles  T  Porter 
Electrician  9  (July  15,  1882):  199-201.  Paper  presented  to  the  American 
Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers  in  Philadelphia,  April  1882,  and 
reprinted  from  the  Journal  of  the  Franklin  Institute.  Filmed  95:  196-199. 

"How  to  Succeed  as  an  Inventor."  In  How  to  Succeed  in  Public  Life  ...A  Series 
of  Essays,  ed.  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York:  G.P.  Putnam’s  Sons,  1882'):  95- 
104.  Filmed  in  Part  III.  '  ' 

[1885] 

"Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  New  York  Tribune  (January  18, 1885):  10.  Reprinted 
[see  below], 

"Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  Electrical  Review  6  (January  24,  1885):  8-9.  Reprint 
[see  above].  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  Knowledge  7  (Februaiy  13,  1885):  127.  Reprint  [see 

"Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  Scientific  American  54  (March  21,  1885):  185. 
Reprint  [see  above].  J 

[1886] 

"The  Air-Telegraph:  System  of  Telegraphing  to  Trains  and  Ships."  North 
American  Review  142  (March  1886):  285-291.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

[1887] 

"On  a  Magnetic  Bridge  or  Balance  for  Measuring  Magnetic  Conductivity." 
Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science 
36  (August  1887;  pub.  1888):  92-94.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"On  a  Pyromagnetic  Dynamo:  A  Machine  for  Producing  Electricity  Directly 
From  Fuel."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement 
of  Science  36  (August  1887;  pub.  1888):  94-98.  Reprinted  [see  below]. 


"On  the  Pyromagnetic  Dynamo,  A  Machine  for  Producing  Electricity  Directly 
From  Fuel."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  21  (September  9, 
1887):  257.  Reprint  of  the  paper  presented  to  the  American  Association 
for  the  Advancement  of  Science  [see  above].  Filmed  25:  573-576. 

[1888] 

"The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650. 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"The  Perfected  Phonograph."  Public  Opinion  5  (June  9, 1888):  202-203.  Reprint 
[see  above]. 

[1889] 

"Mr.  Edison  and  His  Phonograph:  To  the  Editor."  New  York  Tribune  (January 

23,  1889):  7.  Reprinted  [see  below]. 

"Mr.  Edison  and  His  Phonograph:  To  the  Editor."  Washington  Star  (January 

24,  1889).  Reprint  [see  above].  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November 
1889):  625-634.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  Public  Opinion  8  (November  9, 1889):  US- 
114.  Reprint  [see  above]. 

"The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  Electrical  Engineer  8  (December  1889): 
518.  Reprint  [see  above]. 

"The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine. 
Transactions  of  the  American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February 
1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17.  Paper  presented  to  the  American  Institute  of 
Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 


[1890] 

"An  Account  of  Some  Experiments  upon  the  Application  of  Electrical 
Endosmose  to  the  Treatment  of  Gouty  Concretion."  Telegraphic  Journal 
and  Electrical  Review  27  (August  22, 1890):  213.  Paper  presented  to  the 
International  Medical  Congress  in  Berlin,  Germany.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

[1891] 

"Recollections  of  My  Boyhood."  New  York  Continent  20  (May  1891).  Galley 
proof  has  been  filmed  in  D-91-04  (Document  File  Series). 

[1892] 

"Insulation."  Electrical  Engineer  14  (July  13,  1892):  34-35.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 
[1896] 

"Experiments  with  Roentgen  Rays."  Electrical  Engineer  21  (March  25,  1896): 
305.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Further  Experiments  in  Fluorescence  Under  the  Cathode  Ray."  Electrical 
Engineer  21  (April  1,  1896):  340.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Are  Roentgen  Ray  Phenomena  Due  to  Sound  Waves?"  Electrical  Engineer  21 
(April  8,  1896):  353-354.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Roentgen  Ray  Lamps  and  Other  Experiments."  Electrical  Engineer  21  (April 
15,  1896):  378.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"A  Card  from  Mr.  Edison:  To  the  Editor."  New  York  Journal  (April  18, 1896). 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Influence  of  Temperature  on  X-Ray  Effects.”  Electrical  Engineer  21  (April  22, 
1896):  409-410.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Photographing  the  Unseen:  A  Symposium  on  the  Roentgen  Rays."  Century 
Magazine  52  (May  1896):  120-131.  [Edison’s  contribution  appears  on  p. 
131.]  Filmed  in  Part  III. 


"Recent  Roentgen  Ray  Observations."  Electrical  Engineer  22  (November  18, 
1896):  520.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

[1897] 

"Fluorescing  Salts."  Electrical  Engineer  23  (January  6, 1897):  17.  Filmed  in  Part 


"Electrical  Boston  Thirty  Years  Ago."  Electrical  Engineer  24  (November  18, 
1897):  486.  Reprinted  from  Telegrapher,  1868. 

"Introduction."  In  George  E.  Tewksbury,  A  Complete  Manual  of  the  Edison 
Phonograph  (Newark:  United  States  Phonograph  Co.,  1897):  10-12. 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 

[1898] 

"Edison  on  the  Incandescent  Lamp:  To  the  Editor."  Electrical  Review  32 
(January  5,  1898):  7.  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"To  the  Editor."  New  York  Sun  (January  12,  1898):  6.  Reprinted  [see  below]. 

"Mr.  Edison  Protests  Against  Yellow  Journalism:  To  the  Editor."  Electrical 
Review  32  (January  19, 1898):  43.  Reprint  [see  above].  Filmed  in  Part  III. 

"Edison’s  Views  on  Lightning  Rods."  Electrical  Review  32  (June  29,  1898). 
Filmed  in  Part  III. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Mr.  Edison  on  the  Microphone:  To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  39 
(July  13,  1878):  20.] 


fifommanimHons.  : 


To  the  Cilitor  of  the  Scientific  American  :  < 

In  reply  to  ilio  communication  of  Messrs  Pitt  nnil  Dopp, 
wliicli  nppcurci!  In  your  Issue  of  Juno  20th,  under  the  head- 
toe  ot  “  Tho  Microphone,”  I  wish  to  sny  Unit  Imd  the  uhovo 
'"'"led  gentlemen  rend  carefully  what  I  have  said  In  regard 
•  to  tho  variation  iu  tho  cleotrio  conductivity  of  carbon  and 
.  other  semi-conductors  when  subjected  to  pressure,  they  would 
‘  have  saved  themselves  tho  Iroublo  of  wrltiugyou.  I  stated, 
and  proved,  Hourly  two yoarsago,  that  conductors  of  electric- 
lly  when  finely  divided  nud  moulded  iu  dim  form  of  but¬ 
tons  varied  their  resistance  by  pressure,  and  subsequently 
that  the  whole  elfect  was  due  to  surface  contact,  and  not  to 
Intcr-molcculur  action.  Mr.  .M.  Richards,  ;of  tho  Colt  s  Arms 

-explanation  oilerod  by  Professor  Hughes, 'which  your  corre¬ 
spondents  referred  to,  is  capable  of  being  shown  as  nbsurd, 
and  only  tends  to  provo  that  ho  did  not  gain  his  Information  : 
by  experimental  research,  hut  simply  by  piracy. 

,,  i  T.  A.  Edison, 

Menlo  Park,  N.  J.,  Juno  24,  1878.  f 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Professor  Hughes’s  Microphone."  Engineering  26  (July  19,  1878):  45. 
Reprinted  from  New  York  Tribune  (June  27,  1878).] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Telephonic  Repeater:  To  the  Editor."  Chemical  News  38  (July  26,  1878):  45.] 


CORRESPONDENCE. 
telephonic  repeater. 


by  me  over  a  year  ago.  and  one 

IfiSKssasssfe* 


Menlo  P«,k,  N.J.,  July  «,  i«,S. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["To  the  Editor."  Scientific  American  39  (September  28,  1878):  196.] 


(Somsiimuleutt. 


2b  the  Editor  oftho  Scientific  American  :  I 

week  or  so  past,  on  tlio  possibilities  of  Professor  Edison’s 

Granting  that  it  can  bo  so  sensitively  made  and  adjusted 
as  to  detect  a  star  by  Invisible  radiations,  then  I  would  pro- 1 

seen  advanced  heretofore,  namely,  for  the  measurement  of 
distances  of  heavenly  bodies  from  tlio  earth. 

If  it  is  not  already  known,  it  would  bo  a  matter  of  com¬ 
paratively  casyoxperlment  to  establish  a  ratio  of  Increnso  orj 

given  temperature  measured  at  regularly  approaching  or  ro-j 
ceding  instances.  For  Instanco,  the  heat  of  the  dame  of  n| 
candle^ being,  soy,  10’ at  13  feet  dlstanco,  will  Indicate  on! 

will  bo,  say,  8K’j  and  so  on  regularly  for  .tho  Increaso  or 
decroaso  of  distance.  So  that  if  at  the  least  dlstanco  from 
the  Instrument  measurement  is  mado  of  a  heated  object 
(which,  If  at  a  greater  temperature  than  that  previously  os- 

measurement  Is  then  mado  at  on  Increased  denown  dlstanco 
from  tlie  Instrument,  by  the  quantity  Indicated  on  the  scale,! 

mathematical  formuloMhe  distance  of  tlm  body  from  the 

for  e sample.  Lot  one  obsorver  observe  at  exactly  the  mid-day 
meridian  passage,  anil  another,  nt  tlio  same  instant  of  timo. 


of  tho  sun  ns  about  05,000,000  miles,  such  an  instrument,  to 
detect  a  difference  In  the  loss  of  hent,  coming  from  n  source 
so  fnr  distant,  while  traversing  3,000  miles,  or  3-05,000  of 
the  whole,  must  be  able  to  detect  tho  loss  of  heat  for  every 
inch  of  removal  of  a  body  distant  half  a  mile  from  tho  In¬ 
strument!  Can  it  be  dona? 

’’It’s  a  big  thought  to  think;”  and  yet.  If  it  is  possiblo 
for  the  spectrum  to  pick  up  and  photograph  upon  tho  oyo 


Ascribing  nl 


why  is  no 


tho  inventor  of  this  most  won _ _ 

near,  pulling  new  possibilities  and  grand  thoughts 
0  minds  of  men,  I  nm.  Joint  Thomson. 

York,  August  24. 1878. 


2b  the  Editor  oftho  Scientific  American  : 

Referring  to  the  communication  from  Mr.  John  Thor 
which  you  kindly  sent  me,  I  havo  overy  reason  to  bc„„,u 
that  the  tasimetor  will  do  all  that  he  proposes.  It  certainly 
Is  infinitely  delicate,  and  Its  only  limit  seems  to  bo  in  dej 
tority  of  manipulation.  Last  evening,  while  using  tho  Thon 
son  galvanometer,  tho  spot  of  light  went  oil  of  tho  seal 
when  my  hand  was  placed  in  line  with  tho  tasimeter  stand 
Ing  at  a  dlstanco  of  fifty  feet  away  froi 
I  Menlo  Park,  N.  J..  Sept  4, 1878. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Telephone  Relay:  To  the  Editor."  Chemical  News  38  (October  18,  1878):  198.] 


•■  ^CORRESPONDENCE.  .  -- 

'  *■  TELEPHONE  ^ RELAY.V  £  '  ■ 

To  the  Editor  of:  the  Chemical  Hetos.r&r.  rl  . 
StR,— In  the  Chemical  News,  vol.  xxxviii.,  nJ  ;j'38#.I . 
notice  a  counter-statement  from  Mr.  E.  j.  ' Houston,' oil 
Philadelphia,  regarding  tny  assertion  that  the  telephone  1 
relay  which  he  haa  brought  out  was  devised  by  me  over 
a  year  ago.  He  .aye:- .  ag*  :  ;•.<!«  .• 

“  Now  it  would  appear  from  a  detcription'  of  thie  in. 
etrument  in  the  Telegraphic  Journal  of  July  i.  iSjr, 
that  Mr.  Edison  called  his  invention  a  pressure  relay,  and 
states  that  it  is  intended  to  be  used  in  connexion  with  , 

telegraph  i/not  an  articulating  t  el  eph  one*5  bu  t  a*  spe'deso/  | 

city  are  employed  in  a  manner  somewhat  similar  to  the 
system  of  Gray.  Nowhere  in  this  article,  or  indeed 
elsewhere  that  I  can  find,  does  Mr.  Edison  claim  that 
an  be  applied  to  relaying  of  rapidly  varying 
articulating  telephone.”  .*!%*; '  ;*?. *  •• 

I  quote  from  the  article  in  the  TiltgrHphie  Journal  of  I 
July  l,  1877, 10  which  hc  refers—  f  .  j  •  ?  1 

•  "  .  .  For  instance,  if  a  weak  current  circuiates~tipon 
the  line  in  which  the  relay  magnet  is  inserted  the  attrac* 
tion  for  the  armature  will  be  small ;  consequently^  weak 

the  contrary,  if  the  current  In  the  firtt  circuit  bVstroiijj 

and  in  .’proportion  will  ' the  current  in  the  sec  Jhd  circuit 
be  Increased,  no  adjustment  is  ever  required.  *  It'ls  pro- . 
bablythe  only  device  yet  invented  which  will  allow'oitlie 
trahsjation  of  signals'  ^of  variable  ^streuglhi  •  from|  one 

manner.  ( The  apparatus  was 'tic signed  by  Mrl'Ediion'for 
.repeating  acoustical  vibrations  o(  variable  striugfhs'in  his 
speaking  telephone.”  ^ 

.  This  appaiaius  is  used  r.ow.and  was. used  at,  the  date 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Clerac’s  Tube:  To  the  Editor."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  7  [April  15, 
1879):  131.] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[  On  a  Resonant  Tuning  Fork."  Proceedings  of  the  American  Association  for 
Advancement  of  Science  28  (August  1879;  pub.  1880):  178.] 


For  the  purpose  of  rendering  audible  the  sounds  produced  by 
tuning  forks,  they  are  generally  mounted  upon  resonant  boxes 
containing  a  column  of  air  whose  vibrating  period  is  the  same  as 
that  of  the  fork.  I  have  devised  a  modidcation  of  this  plan,  by 


which  the  box  is  dispensed  with,  the  resonant  chamber,  as  is 
'  !bo.Wn  *"  ‘bo,  cut>  bcin6  formed  by  the  prongs  themselves.  To 
make  the  fork,  a  thick  tube  of  bell-metal,  one  end. of  which  is 
closed,  has  a  slit  sawed  longitudinally  through  its  center,  the 
s’*1  .nearly  to  the  closed  end.  This  slit  divides  the  tube 
equally  and  gives  two  vibrating  prongs,  analogous  to  those  of  a 
fork.  To  bring  the  prongs  into  unison  with  the  column  of  air 
between  them,  the  tube  is  put  in  a  lathe  and  turned  thinner  until 
the  desired  point  Is  reached  and  the  two  are  in  unison.  There- 
upon  the  sound  of  the  fork  is  powerfully  reinforced. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


['Sr  W  n/lepho  niC  ?^earChe,SV  In  Ge°rge  B-  Prescott-  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
218-234]  ReC6nt  E  ectncal  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


CHAPTER  VI 

EDISON'S  TELEPHONIC  RESEARCHES. 

The  following  communication  from  Mr.  Thomas  A.  Edison 
gives  a  detailed  account  of  his  researches  in  telephony,  and  is  a 
valuable  contribution  to  tho  history  of  tho  development  of  the 
speaking  telephone. 

Some  time  in  or  about  tho  month  of  July,  1876,  I  began 
experimenting  with  a  system  of  multiple  telegraphy,  which  had 
for  its  basis  tho  transmission  of  aeoustio  vibrations.  Being  fur¬ 
nished,  at  tho  same  time,  by  Hon.  William  Orton,  President  of 
tho  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  with  a  translated 
description  from  a  foreign  scientific  journal  of  Reiss's1  telephone, 
I  also  began  a  series  of  experiments,  with  tho  view  of  producing 
an  articulating  telephone,  carrying  on  both  scries  simultaneously, 
by  tho  aid  of  my  two  assistants,  Messrs.  Batchelor  nnd  Adams. 

With  regard  to  tho  multiple  telegraph  I  will  say  that  inany 
methods  were  devised,  among  which  may  bo  mentioned  tho 
transfer  system.  This  consisted  in  combining  a  largo  tuning 
fork  with  multiple  forks,  so  arranged  at  two  tcnninal  stations, 
with  contact  springs  leading  to  different  Morso  instruments,  that 
the  synchronous  vibrations  of  the  forks  would  change  tho  main 
lino  wires  from  one  set  of  instruments  to  other  sets  at  both  sta¬ 
tions,  at  a  rate  of  120  times  per  second.  With  this  rate  of  vibra¬ 
tion  tho  wire  would  bo  simultaneously  disconnected  at  both  ter¬ 
minal  stations  from  ono  set  of  Morsu  signalling  apparatus,  and 
momentarily  placed  in  alternate  connection  with  three  other 
similar  sets  of  apparatus,  nnd  then  again  returned  to  tho  first  sot, 
without  causing  tho  apparatus  to  mark  tho  absence  of  tho  current 
otherwise  than  by  it  perceptible  weakening  of  the  same. 

l  Znll.ul.ria  ilu.  Dout.oli-OuHturrololil.cl.im  Toli)gra|ilnm-Vorcln.,  liomu.gogulion 
It.  tln.cn  AuUnigu  vun  tlnr  Kuiilglli)li  JTitu..l.itliim  Tologniplum-Dlructliiii.  Ruill- 
glrlvnn  Dr.  I*.  Wllliulin  llrlt.  Vnl.lx., lBdS, lingo  JS5.  (For  ndoiwljrtlonofltiil..'. 


TELEPHONIC  RECEIVERS.  211) 

By  this  means,  therefore,  four  perfectly  independent  wires 
were  practically  orented,  upon  which  signalling  could  bo  carried 
on  with  any  system  which  was  worked  no  faster  than  thu  ordi¬ 
nary  Morso  system.  Each  of  those  wires  was  ulso  duplexed  and 
found  to  work  perfectly  upon  a  lino  of  artificial  resistance,  thus 
allowing,  with  tho  ordinary  apparatus,  of  tho  simultaneous  trans¬ 
mission  of  eight  different  messages. 

Notwithstanding  the  perfect  success  of  tho  system  upon  nn 
artificial  lino,  however,  which  possessed  littlo  or  no  electrostatic 
capacity,  I  liavo  never,  in  practice,  beun  able  to  produce  a  snll'i- 
ciently  perfect  compensation  for  tho  effects  of  the  static  charge 


to  allow  of  the  successful  uso  of  tho  system  on  a  lino  of  over 
forty  miles  in  length,  although  I  lmvo  put  tho  linu  to  earth  nt 
both  stations  after  it  leaves  ono  sot  of  instruments  and  befuro  it 
is  placed  in  contact  with  another  sot;  liavo  sent  reversed  currents 
into  it,  nnd  have  also  used  magnetic  and  condenser  coiiipensalinn 
in  various  wnyB,  known  to  oxperts  in  static  compensation,  hut 
all  without  avail  By 'vibrating  tho  lino  wire  between  two  sols 
of  apparatus,  however,  good  satisfaction  has  been  obtained  nirr 
lines  of  about  200  miles  in  length. 

In  my  system  of  aeoustio  transmission,  which  was  devised  in 
September,  1876,  and  is  Bliown  in  fig.  108,  two  tuning  forks,  A 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
21&22A]  °ther  ReCent  Electncal  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


220  THE  SPEAKING  TELEPHONE. 

mill  B,  vibrating  from  100  to  500  times  per  second,  were  kept  in 
continuous  motion  by  a  local  magnet  nnd  battery,  and  the  abort 
circuiting  was  controlled  by  the  signalling  keys  K,  anil  Ka. 

As  will  bo  seen  on  reference  to  the  figure,  this  system,  like 
that  shown  in  my  patent  of  1878,. is  dependent  upon  the  vary¬ 
ing  resistance  occasioned  by  employing  a  movable  electrode  in 
water,  and  which  thus  produces  corresponding  variations  of  the 
battery  current  in  the  line. 

The  receivers  Ilt  nnd  Its,  fig.  104,  were  formed  of  telescopic 
tubes  of  metal,  by  lengthening  or  shortening  of  which  the  column 
of  air  in  either  coukl  bo  adjusted  to  vibrato  in  unison  with  the 


proper  tone  of  the  fork,  whoso  signals  were  to  bo  received  by 
each  particular  instrument  An  iron  diaphragm  was  soldered 
to  one  end  of  these  tubes,  nnd  the  latter  placed  in  such  a  manner 
as  to  bring  the  diaphragm  of  each  respectively  just  in  front  of  an 
electro-magnet,  which,  in  action,  would  cause  them  to  vibrato. 
When  the  column  of  air  in  either  receiver  was  properly  adjusted 
to  a  given  tone,  the  signals  duo  to  stopping  nnd  starting  the 
vibrations  by  the  distant  key  were  very  loud,  ns  compnrcd  to 
other  tones  not  in  harmony  with  the  column  of  air.  Flexible 
rubber  tubes,  with  ear  pieces,  were  connected  to  the  receivers,  so 


MAiTmtMriuMNii  muiriion*.  S*l 

that,  in  using  the  iiutnuucuU,  the  head  of  the  o|icriitnr  wan  not 
required  to  1«  held  lit  an  unnatural  or  •trained  |H»iihiik 
This  system  worked  very  well;  hut  one  dulcet  in  it  was 
apparent  (rum  the  linit,  und  that  was  its  continual  tcmhiuuy  to 
givu  the  n|>cnitor  what  is  termed  the  back-alroke,  even  hum  the 
•lightest  cause,  such  us  the  opening  of  a  door  or  the  moving  of 
the  head,  and  also  occurred  on  the  slightest  inattention  wlmtovur. 

With  a  Morse  sounder,  ns  is  well  known,  every  dot  is  made 
apparent  to  thu  ear  by  two  sounds,  the  first  being  produced  when 
tho  lover  strikes  tho  anvil,  and  the  other  when  it  strikes  the 
upper  or  buck  contact  A  dash,  lilcu  thu  dot,  is  also  uomposed 
of  two  sounds,  but  the  interval  of  time  between  tho  production 
of  tho  first,  tho  downward  stroke  or  sound  ami  the  upward  stroke, 
is  what  determines  its  character.  It  frequently  happens,  how¬ 
ever,  when  a  sounder  is  so  adjusted  that  tho  sound  produced  by 
the  down  stroke  is  of  the  same  volume  or  loudness  us  tho  one 
given  by  the  up  stroke,  that  tho  order  of  reading  becomes  re¬ 
versed  on  the  slightest  disturbance  or  lnuttcution  and  thu  ear 
mistakes  the  up  sound  for  tho  down  sound,  nnd  vice  versa.  The 
signals  consequently  become  unintelligible,  anil  tho  operator  can 
only  restore  tho  proper  order  by  closing  both  ears  and  watching 
the  motion  of  the  sounder  lever,  or  by  deudoning  the  back  sound 
by  placing  tho  finger  on  the  lever  until  tho  ear  again  catches  a 
word  or  two.  ' 

Similarly  with  the  musical  signals,  the  dots  nnd  dashes  ure 
formed  by  tho  relative  short  or  long  duration  of  a  continuous 
tone,  but  in  this  case  tho  pitch  is  always  tho  same,  and  this  con¬ 
stitutes  an  element  of  confusion  that'is  quite  ns  bad  ns  the  bank 
stroke  of  tho  sounder  abovo  referred  to.  I  therefore  arranged 
my  keys  so  ns  to  transmit  two  short  tones  closo  together  to  form 
a  doty  and  two  tones  separated  by  an  interval  to  form  a  dash ;  lint 
there  wns  still  so  little  distinctive  difference  between  one  and  the 
other  that  I  was  led  to  defer  further  experiment  with  the  appa¬ 
ratus  for  a  time.  It  is  probablu  that  somu  means  will  he  found 
for  producing  a  greater  degree  of  difference  between  thu  two  ele¬ 
ments  of  tho  signals,  such,  for  instance,  us  thu  employment  of  two 


IBEST  AVAILABLE  COPYI 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


222  ’  .the  speaking  telephone. 

forks  of  slightly  different 'pitch,  which,  at  least,  promises  well. 
When  this  is  dono  the  system  will  be  of  some  value. 

It  will  bo  noticed  that  the  receiving  instrument  shown  in  fig. 
1 04  contains  the  diaphragm  magnet  and  chamber  of  the  magneto- 
speaking  telephone ;  and  I  may  say  here  that  I  believe  I  was  the 
first  to  devise  apparatus  of  this  kind,  which  I  intended  for  use  in 
connection  with  acoustic  telegraphs.  I  can,  however,  lny  no  claim 
to  having  discovered  that  conversation  could  bo  carried  on  be¬ 
tween  one  recoivcr  and  the  other  upon  the  magneto  principle  by 
causing  the  voice  to  vibrate  the  diaphragm. 

Another  system  of  multiple  transmission  consisted,  partly,  in 
the  use  of  reeds  for  receivers,  and  has  been  exceedingly  well  de¬ 
veloped  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Elisha  Gray,  but  I  forbear  explain¬ 
ing  it  here,  owing  to  its  complexity  and  lack  of  practical  merit 

My  first  attempt  at  constructing  an  articulating  telephone  was 
made  with  the  Reiss  transmitter  mid  one  of  my  resonant  receivers 
described  above,  and  my  experiments  in  this  direction,  which 
continued  until  the  production  of  my  present  carbon  telephone, 
cover  many  thousand  pages  of  manuscript.  I  shall,  however, 
describe  hero  only  a  tow  of  the  more  important  ones. 

In  one  of  the  ilrst  experiments  I  included  a  simplified  Reiss 
transmitter,  having  a  platinum  screw  facing  the  diaphragm,  in  a 
circuit  containing  twenty  cells  of  battery  and  the  resonant  re¬ 
ceiver,  and  then  placed  a  drop  of  water  between  the  points ;  the 
results,  however,  when  the  apparatus  was  in  action,  were  unsatis- 
factoiy— rapid  decomposition  of  the  water  took  place  and  a  de¬ 
posit  of  sediment  was  left  on  the  platinum.  I  afterwards  used 
disks  attached  both  to  tho  diaphragm  and  to  the  scrow,  with  sev¬ 
eral  drops  of  water  placed  between  and  held  there  by  capillary 
attraction,  but  rapid  decomposition  of  the  water,  which  was  im¬ 
pure,  continued,  mid  tho  words  came  out  at  the  receiver  very 
much  confused.  Various  acidulated  solutions  were  then  tried, 
but  tho  confused  sounds  and  decompositions  were  the  only 
results  obtained. 

With  distilled  water  I  could  get  nothing,  probably  because,  at 
that  time,  I  used  very  thick  iron  diaphragms,  ns  I  linvo  since 


THE  CA11B0N  TELEPHONE.  223 

frequently  obtained  good  results ;  or,  possibly,  it  was  bcenusu  tho 
car  was  not  yet  eduented  for  this  duty,  and  therefore  I  did  not 
know  what  to  look  for.  If  this  was  tho  case,  it  furnishes  a  good 
i  illustration  of  tho  fact  obsurved  by  Professor  Mayer,  that  wc 

j  often  fail  to  distinguish  weak  sounds  in  certain  oases  when  we 

do  not  know  wliut  to  expect 

'  Sponge,  paper  and  felting,  saturated  with  various  solutions, 

wero  also  used  between  the  disks,  and  lcnifo  edges  wore  stibsli- 
1  tuted  for  tho  latter  with  no  better  results.  Points  immersed  in 

1  electrolytic  cells  were  also  tried,  and  tho  experiments  with  vari- 

j  ous  solutions,  devices,  etc.,  continued  until  February,  1873,  when 

I  abandoned  tho  decomposable  fluids  and  endeavored  to  vary  tho 
:  resistance  of  tho  circuit  proportionately  with  tho  amplitude  of 

vibration  of  tho  diaphragm  by  the  use  of  a  multiplicity  of  pint- 
\  inum  points,  springs  and  resistance  coils — all  of  which  wore  do- 

]  signed  to  be  controlled  by  tho  movements  of  tho  diaphragm,  but 

none  of  tho  devices  were  successful. 

In  the  spring  of  1876,  and  during  the  ensuing  summer,  I  en¬ 
deavored  to  utilise  tho  great  resistance  of  thin  films  of  plumbago 
and  white  Arkansas  oil  stone,  on  ground  glass,  mid  it  was  hero 
that  I  first  succeeded  in  conveying  over  wit~-  many  articulated 
seutenecs.  Springs  attached  to  the  diaphragm  and  numerous 
other  devices  wore  made  to  cut  in  and  out  of  circuit  more  or  less 
of  the  plumbago  film,  but  the  disturbances  which  tho  devices 
themselves  caused  in  the  true  vibrations  of  tho  diaphragm  pre¬ 
vented  the  realisation  of  any  practical  results.  One  of  my  as¬ 
sistants,  liowover,  continued  tho  experiments  without  interrup¬ 
tion  until  January,  1877,  when  I  applied  tho  peculiar  properly 
which  semi-conductors  have  of  varying  their  resistance  with 
'  pressure,  a  fact  discovered  by  myself  in  1873,  while  constructing 
Bomo  rheostats  for  artificial  cables,  in  which  wero  employed 
powdered  carbon,  plumbago  and  other  materials,  in  glass  tubes. 

For  tho  purpose  of  making  this  application,  I  constructed  an 
apparatus  provided  with  a  diaphragm  carrying  at  its  centra  a 
yielding  spring,  which  wns  faced  with  platinum,  and  in  front  of 
this  I  placed,  iu  a  cup  secured  to  an  adjusting  screw,  sticks  of 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 
218-234.1  ’ 


224  '  THE  SPEAKING  TELEPHONE. 

crude  plumbago,  combined  in  various  proportions  with  drypow- 
dera,  resins,  cto.  By  this  meuns  I  succeeded  in  producing  a 
telephone  which  gave  great  volume  of  sound,  but  its  articulation 
was  rather  poor ;  when  oneo  familiar  with  its  peculiar  sound, 
however,  one  experienced  but  little  difficulty  in  understanding 
ordinary  conversation. 

After  conducting  a  long  series  of  experiments  with  solid  ma¬ 
terials,  I  finally  abandoned  them  all  and  substituted  therefor 
tufts  of  conducting  fibre,  consisting  of  floss  silk  coated  with 
plumbago  and  other  semi-conductors.  The  results  were  then  / 
very  much  better,  but  while  the  volume  of  sound  was  still  great,  •/ 
the  articulation  was  not  so  clear  as  that  of  tho  magneto  tele¬ 
phone  of  Prof.  Bell.  Tho  instrument,  besides,  required  very 
frequent  adjustment,  which  constituted  an  objectionablo  feature. 

Upon  investigation,  tho  difference  of  resistance  produced  by 
the  varying  pressure  upon  tho  semi-conductor  was  found  to  bo 
exceedingly  small,  and  it  occurred  to  mo  that  ns  so  small  a 
change  in  a  circuit  of  largo  resistance  was  only  a  small  factor,  in 
the  primary  circuit  of  an  induction  coil,  where  a  slight  chango  of 
resistance  would  be  an  important  factor,  it  would  thus  enable  me 
to  obtain  decidedly  better  results  at  once.  The  experiment, 
however,  failed,  owing  to  the  great  resistance  of  tho  semi-con¬ 
ductors  then  used. 

After  further  experimenting  in  various  directions,  I  was  led 
to  believe,  if  I  could  by  any  means  reduce  the  normal  resistance 
of  the  semi-conductor  to  a  few  ohms,  and  still  effect  a  difference 
in  its  resistance  by  the  pressuro  due  to  the  vibrating  diaphragm, 
that  I  could  use  it  in  the  primary  circuit  of  an  induction  coil 
Having  arrived  at  this  conclusion,  I  constructed  a  .transmitter 
in  which  a  button  of  some  semi-conducting  substance  was  placed 
between  two  platinum  disks,  in  a  kind  of  eup  or  small  containing 
vessel.  Electrical  connection  between  the  button  and  disks  was 
maintained  by  the  slight  pressuro  of  a  piece  of  rubber  tubing,  J 
inch  in  diameter  and  £  inch  long,  which  was  secured  to  tho  dia¬ 
phragm,  and  also  made  to  rest  against  the  outside  disk  The 
vibrations  of  the  dinphragm  wero  thus  able  to  produce  tho 


THE  CARBON  TELEPHONE.  OO 

requisite  pressuro  on  the  'platinuin  disk,  and  thereby  vary  tli 
resistance  of  tho  button  included  in  the  primary  ciruuit  of  th 
induction  coil. 

At  first  a  button  of  solid  plumbago,  such  os  is  omplnyud  b 
electrotypers,  was  used,  and  tho  results  obtained  wore  consilient 
excellent,  everything  transmitted  coming  out  moderately  di- 
tinot,  but  tho  volumo  of  sound  was  no  greater  than  that  of  th 
magneto  telephone. 

In  onler,  therefore,  to  obtain  disks  or  buttons,  which,  with  i 
low  normal  resistance,  could  also  be  made,  by  a  slight  pressure 
to  vary  greatly  in  this  respect,  I  at  oneo  tried  a  gi;eat  variety  o 
substances,  such  os  conducting  oxides,  sulphides  and  other  par¬ 
tial  conductor,  among  which  was  a  small  quantity  of  lamp, 
black  that  lmd  been  taken  from  n.smoking  petroleum  lamp  and 
•  preserved  as  a  curiosity  on  account  of  its  intensu  black  color. 

A  small  disk  made  of  this  Bubstancc,  when  placed  in  the  tele¬ 
phone,  gave  splendid  results,  the  articulation  being  distinct,  and 
the  volumo  of  sound  several  times  greater  tlmn  with  telephones 
workod  on  tho  magnoto  principle.  It  was  soon  found  upon 
investigation,  that  tho  resistance  of  tho  disk  could  ho  varied 
from  three  hundred  ohms  to  tho  fractional  part  of  a  single  ohm 
by  pressuro  alone,  nnd  that  tho  best  results  wero  obtained  when 
tho  resistance  of  tho  primary  coil,  in  which  the  carbon  disk  was 
included,  was  of  nn  ohm,  nnd  tho  normal  resistance  of  the 
disk  itself  three  ohms. 

Mr.  Henry  Bentley,  president  of  tho  local  Telegraph  Com- 
pany,  at  Philadelphia,  who  1ms  mado  nu  exhaustive  series  of 
experiments  with  a  complete  set  of  this  apparatus  upon  tho 
wires  of  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  Company,  has  actually 
succeeded  in  working  with  it  over  a  wire  of  720  miles  in  length, 
and  lins  found  it  a  practicable  instrument  upon  wires  of  100  to  i 
200  miles  in  length,  notwithstanding  tho  fact  that  tho  latter  wero 
plaecd  upon  poles  with  numerous  other  wires,  which  occasioned  ; 
sufficiently  powerful  induced  currents  in  them  to  entirely  destroy  \ 
tho  articulation  of  tho  magneto  telephone.  I  also  learn  that  ho  • 
has  found  the  instrument  practicable,  when  included  in  a  Morao  5 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 
218-234.] 


22(1  THE  SPEAKING  TELEPHONE. 

circuit,  with  a  battery  and  eight  or  ten  stations  provided  with  i 

die  ordinary  Morse  apparatus  j  and  that  several  way  stations 
could  exchange  business  tclephonically  upon  a  wire  which  wns 
being  worked  qundruplex  without  disturbing  the  latter,  and  not¬ 
withstanding,  also,  the  action  of  the  powerful  reversed  currents 
of  the  quadruples  on  the  diaphragms  of  the  receiver.  It  would 
thus  seem  as  though  the  volume  of  sound  produced  by  the  voice 
with  this  apparatus  more  than  compensates  for  the  noise  caused 
by  such  actions. 

While  engaged  in  experimenting  with  my  telephone  for  the  pur¬ 
pose  of  ascertaining  whether  it  might  not  be  possible  to  dispense 
witli  the  rubber  tube  which  connected  tho  diaphragm  with  the 
rheostatic  disk,  and  was  objectionable  on  account  of  its  tendency 
to  become  flattened  by  continued  vibrations,  and  thus  necessitate 
tho  readjustment  of  tho  instrument,  I  discovered  that  my  prin¬ 
ciple,  unlike  all  other  acoustical  devices  for  tho  transmission  of 
speech,  did  not  require  any  vibration  of  the  diaphragm — thnt,  in 
fact,  tho  sound  waves  could  be  transformed  into  electrical  pul-  ,f‘ 

sations  without  tho  movement  of  any  intervening  mechanism. 

The  manner  in  which  I  arrived  at  this  result  was  as  follows:  j, 

I  first  substituted  a  spiral  spring  of  about  a  quarter  inch  in  ■ 

length,  containing  four  turns  of  wire,  for  tho  rubber  tube  which 

connected  the  diapliragm  with  the  disks.  I  found,  however,  thnt 

this  spring  gave  out  n  musical  tone  which  interfered  somewhat 

with  the  effects  produced  by  tho  voice;  but,  in  the  hope  of  over-  j 

coming  the  defect,  I  kept  on  substituting  spiral  springs  of  thicker  1  • 

wire,  and  as  I  did  so  I  found  that  tho  articulation  became  both 

clearer  and  louder.  At  last  I  substituted  a  solid  substance  for  ■  , 

the  springs  thnt  had  gradually  been  made  more  and  more  inelastic, 

and  then  I  obtained  very  marked  improvements  in  the  results.  ^ 

It  then  occurred  to  mo  that  tho  whole  question  was  one  of  pres-  ■.( 

sure  only,  and  that  it  was  not  necessary  that  the  diaphragm  should 

vibrate  at  all.  I  consequently  put  in  a  heavy  diaphragm,  one 

and  three  quarter  inches  in  diameter  and  one  sixteenth  inch  •  ■[• 

thick,  nnd  fastened  tho  enrbon  disk  and  plate  tightly  together, 

so  that  tho  latter  showed  no  vibration  with  the  loudest  tones,  ] 


Tns  OAMiON  TELEPHONE.  227 

Upon  testing  it  I  found  my  surmises  verified;  tho  articulation 
•  was  perfect  and  the  volumo  of  sound  so  great  that  conversation 
carried  on  in  n  whisper  three  feet  from  tho  telephone  was  clearly 
heard  and  understood  at  the  other  end  of  tho  line. 

This,  therefore,  is  the  arrangement  I  have  adopted  in  my  pres¬ 
ent  form  of  apparatus,  whioh  I  call  tho  enrbon  telephone),  to  dis¬ 
tinguish  it  from  others.  It  is  fully  described  in  nnothor  part  of 
this  work. 

Tho  accessories  and  connections  of  this  apparatus  for  long  cir¬ 
cuits  are  shown  in  fig.  105.  A  is  ah  induction  coil,  who.su  primary 


,  wire  p,  having  a  resistance  of  several  ohms,  is  placed  around 
tho  secondary,  instead  of  within  it,  ns  in  the  usual  manner  of  con¬ 
struction.  Tho  secondary  coi)  s,  of  finer  wire,  1ms  a  rusistnuco 
of  from  150  to  200  ohms,  according  to  tho  degreo  of  tension  re- 
-  quired ;  nnd  the  receiving  tolcpliono  R  consists  simply  of  a  mag- 
-pet,  coil  nnd  diaphragm.  One  pole  of  tho  magnet  is  commuted 
to  tho  outor  edge  of  tho  diapliragm,  and  tho  other,  which  carries 
tho  wire  bobbin  of  about  76  ohms  resistance,  and  is  inoluded  iu 
tho  main  line,  is  placed  just  opposite  its  contrc. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


THE  SPEAKING  TELEPHONE. 


TELEPHONE  SIQNAW.INO  APPARATUS.  2211 


P  It  is  the  signalling  relay,  generally  a  Siemens'  polarized  in¬ 
strument,  which  has  been  given  a  bias  towards  one  side,  and  con¬ 
sequently  is  capable  of  responding  to  currents  of  one  definite 
direction  only. 

Pile  lover  of  this  relay,  when  actuated  by  the  current  from  a 
distant  station  on  the  line  in  which  the  instrument  is  included, 
closes  a  local  circuit  containing  the  vibrating  call  hell  B,  and 
thus  gives  warning  when  speaking  communication  is  desired. 

Besides  serving  to  operate  the  call  boll,  the  local  battery  E  is 
also  used  for  sending  the  call  signal.  S  is  a  switch,  the  lever  of 
which,  when  placed  at  o,  between  m  and  n,  disconnects  the  trans¬ 
mitter  T  and  local  battery  E  from  tho  coil  A,  and  in  this  posi¬ 
tion  leaves  the  polarized  relay. P  11  free  to  respond  to  cur¬ 
rents  from  tho  distant  station.  When  this  station  is  wanted, 
however,  the  lever  S  is  turned  to  the  left  on  n,  and  depressed  sev¬ 
eral  times  in  rapid  succession.  Tho  current  from  tho  local  bat¬ 
tery,  by  this  means,  is  made  to  pass  through  the  primary  coil 
of  A,  and  thus  for  each  make  and  break  of  the  circuit  induces 
powerful  currents  in  tho  secondary  a,  which  pass  into  the  lino 
and  actuate  tho  distant  call  bell. 

1Vhen  tho  call  signals  have  been  exchanged,  both  terminal 
stations  place  their  switches  to  tho  right  on  m,  and  thus  intro¬ 
duce  the  carbon  transmitter  into  their  respective  circuits.  The 
changes  of  pressure,  produced  by  speaking  against  the  diaphragm 
of  either  transmitter,  then  serve,  as  already  shown,  to  vary  tho 
resistance  of  tho  carbon,  and  thus  produce  corresponding  varia¬ 
tions  in  tho  induced  currents,  which,  acting  through  the  receiv¬ 
ing  instrument,  reproduce  at  tho  distant' station  wbatovor  has 
been  spoken  into  tho  transmitting  instrument  •  ■ 

For  lines  of  moderato  lengths,  say  from  one  to  thirty  miles, 
another  arrangement,  shown  in  fig.  100,  may  be  used  advantage¬ 
ously.  Tho  induction  coil,  key,  battery,  and  receiving  and  trans¬ 
mitting  telephones,  aro  lettered  tho  samo  ns  in  tho  previous  figure, 
and  are  similar  in  overy  respect  to  tho  apparatus  there  shown;  the 
switch  S,  however,  differs  somewhat  in  construction  from  the  ono 
already  described,  but  is  mado  to  servo  a  similar  purpose. 


When  a  plug  is  inserted  between  3  and  4,  tho  relay  or  sounder 
11',  battery  E,  and  koy  K  only  are  included  in  tho  main  liuu 
circuit,  and  this  is  tho  normal  arrangement  of  tho  uppurutus  for 
signalling  purposes.  Tiie  battery,  usually  about  tlireu  culls  of 
tho  Duniell  form,  serves  also  botli  for  a  local  and  main  battery. 
When  a  plug  is  inserted  between  1,  2  and  4,  tho  apparatus  is 
.  available  for  telephonic  communication. 

I  have  also  found,  on  linos  of  from  ono  to  twenty  miles  in 
length,  that  the  ordinary  call  can  be  dispensed  with,  und  a  sim¬ 
plified  arrangement  substituted.  This  lattor  consists  simply 


of  tho  ordinnry  receiving  telephone,  upon  tho  diaphragm  of 
which  a  free  lover,  L,  is  mado  to  rest,  as  shown  in  fig.  107.  When 
tho  induced  currents  from  tho  distant  station  act  upon  the 
receiver  It,  the  diaphragm  of  tho  lattor  is  tlu-own  into  vibration, 
but  by  itself  is  capable  of  giving  only  n  comparatively  weak 
sound ;  with  tho  lover  resting  upon  its  contro,  however,  a  sharp, 
penetrating  noise  is  produced  by  the  constant  and  rapid  rolmumls 
of  tho  lover,  which  thus  answors  very  well  for  calling  purposes 
at  stations  where  there  is  comparatively  but  littlo  noise. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edis°n»s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
218  234]  °thSr  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


280  TIIE  SPEAK  IN a  TELEPHONE. 

Among  the  various  otlier  methods  for  signalling  purposes 
which  I  liavo  experimented  with,  I  may  mention  tho  sounding' 
of  a  note,  by  the  voice,  in  a  small  Eeiss's  telephone';  the  employ¬ 
ment  of  a  self-vibrating  reed  in  the  local  circuit;  and- a  break 
wheel  with  many  cogs,  so  arranged  as  to  interrupt  tho  circuit 
when  set  in  motion. 


Fig.  107. 


|  I’LEOTOO-STATIO  TELEPHONE.  281 

*  f*  w'fe  and  to  earth.  When  one  of  the  forks  is  set  in  vibration  by 

I  a  starting  key  provided  for  tho  purpose,  tho  currents  produuud 

by  tho  approach  of  ono  of  its  magnetised  prongs  towards  tho 
I  .  magnet,  and  its  recession  therefrom,  pass  into  tho  lino  anil  to  tho 
•  •  further  station,  where  their  notion  soon  causes  tho  seeond  fork 

to  vibrato  with  constantly  increasing  amplitude,  until  tho  bull  is 
i  struck  and  the  signal  given. 

d», - £ MS. - ,  rkj 

,  H TC- 


I  have  also  used  direct  and  induced  currents  to  release  clock 
work,  and  thus  operate  a  call,  and  in  some  of  my  earlier  acoustic 
experiments  tuning  forks  were  used,  whoso  vibrations  in  front 
of  magnets  caused  electrical  currents  to  be  generated  in  tho  coils 
surrounding  the  latter. 

By  tho  further  action  of  these  currents  on  similar  forks  nt  n 
distant  station,  bells  were  caused  to  bo  rung,  and  signals  thus 


given.  Pig.  108  shows  an  arrangement  of  this  kind.  AandB 

are  two  magnetized  tuning  forks,  having  the  same  rate  of 

vibration  and  placed  at  two  terminal  stations.  Electro-magnets 

m  and  7»l  nro  placed  opposite  one  of  tho  prongs  of  the  forks  at 

each  station,  while  a  bell,  C  or  D,  stauds  opposito  to  the  other.  V 

The  coils  of  tho  magnet  are  connected  respectively  to  tho  lino 


rig.  m. 

For  telephonic  calls  the  call  bells  nre  so  arranged  that  tho  ono 
opposito  to  tho  fork,  which  generates  tho  currents,  i  j  thrown  out' 
of  tho  way  of  tho  latter's  vibrations.  * 

Another  call  apparatus,  which  I  have  used,  is  represented  in 
fig.  109.  In  this  arrangement  two  small  maguetio  pendulums, 
whoso  rates  of  vibration  nro  tho  samo,  nro  placod  in  front  of 


separate  eleotro-mngnets,  tho  helices  of  which  join  in  tho  main 
line  circuit  When  ono  of  tho  pendulums  is  put  in  motion,  thu 
currents  generated  by  its  forward  and  backward  swings  in  front 
of  tho  electro-magnet  pnss  into  tho  line,  and  at  tho  opposite  ter¬ 
minal,  acting  through  tho  helix  tliero,  cause  tho  seeond  pendulum 
to  vibrato  in  unison  with  tho  former. 

Pig.  110  shows  a  fonn'of  cloctrophorous  telephone  which  acts 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


E'w  SKSf  fS^T;  In  Ge°rge  B'  Pres“«-  SPe“kinS  Telephone,  Electric 
218-234  ]  °  h  Recent  Electncal  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 


282  THE  31‘EAKINQ  TELEPHONE, 

by  the  approach  o£  the  diaphragm  contained  in  A  or  B  towards 
or  its  recession  from  a  highly  charged  electrophorous.  O  orD. 
'I'lte  vibrations  of  the  transmitting  diaphragm  cause  a  disturbance 
ul  the  obul't'°  at  ^oth  ends  of  the  lino,  and  thus  give  riso  to  faint 
Hounds.  Perfect  insulation,  however,  is  necessary,  and  either 
apparatus  can  he  used  both  for  transmitting  and  receiving,  hut 
tbo  results  are  necessarily  very  weak 
Another  form  of  electro-static  telephone  is  shown  in  fig.  111. 
In  this  arrangement.  Deluo  piles  of  some  20,000  disks  each  are 
contained  in  glass  tithes  A  and  B,  and  conveniently  mounted  on 
glass,  wood  or  metal  stands.  The  diaphragms,  which  aro  in 
electrical  connection  with  the  earth,  are  also  placed  opposite  to 
ono  polo  of  each  of  the  piles,  while  the  opposite  poles  are  joined 
together  by  the  line  conductor.  Any  vibration  of  either  dia¬ 


phragm  is  thus  capable  of  disturbing  the  electrical  condition  of 
the  neighboring  disks,  the  same  as  in  the  electrophorous  tele¬ 
phones;  nnd  consequently  the  vibrations,  when  produced  by  the 
voice  in  one  instrument,  will  give  rise  to  corresponding  electrical 
changes  in  the  other,  and  thereby  reproduce  in  it  what  lias  been 
spoken  into  the  mouthpiece  of  the  former. 

With  this  arrangement  fair  results  may  be  obtained,  and  it  is 
not  necessary  that  tho  insulation  should  bo  so  perfect  as  for  the 
electrophorous  apparatus.  Fig.  112  shows  a  form  of  electro- 
mechanical  telephone,  referrod  to  near  the  beginning  of  this 
communication,  by  means  of  which  I  attempted  to  transmit 
electrical  impulses  of  variuhle  strength,  so  ns  to  reproduce  spoken 
words  at  a  distance.  Small  resistance  coils — 1,  2,  8,  eta— were- 
so  arranged  with  connecting  springs  near  a  platinum  faced  lever 


-  •  . . 

i  j 

j|  TUEUMO-ELECTllIO  TELEPHONE.  283 

“•  B,  in  connection  with  the  diaphragm  in  A,  that  any  movomunt 

of  the  latter  caused  ono  or  more  of  tho  coils  to  bo  out  in  or  out 
of  the  -primary  circuit  of  an  induction  coil  0,  tho  number,  of 
course,  varying  with  tho  amplitude  of  tho  vibrating  diaphragm. 
Induced  ourrenta  corresponding  in  strength  with  tho  variations 
of  resistance  were  thus  sent  into  the  line,  and  could  then  bo  made 
to  act  upon  au  ordinary  receiving  telephone.  By  arranging  tho 


springs  in  a  sunflower  pattern  about  a  circular  lover,  I  have  suc¬ 
ceeded  in  transmitting  articulate  sentences  by  this  method,  hut 
the  results  were  very  linrsh  and  disagreeabla 
Fig.  118  shows  a  form  of  tho  water  telephone  previously  re¬ 
ferred  to,  in  wliich  a  double  cell  was  used,  so  us  to  alford  enii;. 
sidcrable  variation  of  resistance  for  tho  very  slight  movements 


-ffy.  113. 


of  the  diaphragm.  ■  Tho  action  of  tho  apparatus  will  readily  lie 
understood  from  tho  figure,  where  a  wire  in  tho  form  of  tho 
letter  tl  is  shown,  with  tho  bend  attached  to  tho  diaphragm,  and 
its  ends  dipping  into  tho  separate  celis,  and  thus  made  to  form 
part  of  tho  circuit  when  tho  line  is  joined  to  tho  instrument  aL  « 

I  am  now  conducting  experiments  with  a  thermo-electric  tole- 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Telephonic  Researches."  In  George  B.  Prescott,  Speaking  Telephone,  Electric 
Light,  and  Other  Recent  Electrical  Inventions  (New  York:  D.  Appleton  &  Co.,  1879): 
218-234.] 


281  '  THE  SPEAKING  TELEPHONE. 

phone,  which  gives  some  promiso  of  becoming  serviceable.  In 
this  arrangement  a  sensitive  thermo-pile  is  placed  in  front  of  a 
diaphragm  of  vulcanite  at  oach  end  of  a  lino  wire,  in  the  circuit 
of  whivh  lire  included  lowresistance  receiving  instruments.  Tho 
principle  upon  which  the  apparatus  works  depends  upon  the 
change  of  temperature  produced  in  tho  vibrating  diaphragm, 
which  I  have  found  is  much  lower  us  the  latter  moves  forward, 
and  is  also  correspondingly  increased  on  the  return  movement. 

Sound  waves  are  thus  converted  into  heat  waves  of  similar  \ 
characteristic  variations,  and  I  am  in  hopes  that  I  may  ultimately 
be  able,  by  the  use  of  more  sensitive  thermo-piles,  to  transform 
these  heat  waves  into  electrical  curronts  of  sufficient  strength  to 
produce  a  practical  telephone  on  this  novel  principle. 

Before  concluding,  I  must  mention  an  interesting  fact  con¬ 
nected  with  telephonic  transmission,  which  wns  discovered  during 
some  of  my  experiments  with  tho  magneto-telephone,  and  which 
is  this,  that  a  copper  disk  may  bo  substituted  for  :tlie  iron  dia¬ 
phragm  now  universally  used.  Tho  same  fact,  I  believe,  has 
also  been  announced  by  Mr.  W.  It  Preece,  to  the  Physical 
Society,  at  London. 

If  a  piece  of  copper,  say  ono  sixteenth  of  an  inch  thick  and 
three  fourths  of  nn  inch  in  diameter,  is  secured  to  the  centre  of 
a  vulcanite  diaphragm,  the  effect  becomes  quite  marked,  and  tho 
apparatus  is  even  inoro  sensitive  than  when  tho  entire  diaphragm 
is  of  copper.  Tho  ennse  of  the  sound  is  due,  no  doubt,  to  the 
production  of  very  weak  electrical  currents  in  the  copper  disk 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Telegraph."  By  Edison  and  others.  Appleton’s  Cyclopedia  2  (1880):  849-859.] 


"oralnt^tho'^vaeum  ^  t^  b  P,°lnJ,of  con.t:e,ltratJion  l,|cse  sirups  nro  passed  through  tlio  charcoal 

l«I»nnUUowa“if!ur\Ul11  Zfn,,'l’  ?'llUr0  ,‘l10  su«ar  U  M  10  ''4™  auUd 

5  S  . . *«  •»  «■» 

\Vbrkt for  Itcfmna.—' “Stnlcmiint  of  thn  Sugar  Cron  nib  In  Louisiana  "  ri,n,nn„,ni„»  r„„  1 

$ZlSST‘-  Manual ,»  Evan*,  IsoSfon,  S. 

S^HuL"SSsLS3S?^Z^Ln&\5^^  g-«-. 

°,f  S,l““r'"  K«rr.  Lomlon,  m.ll;  “ Manufacture  of  Suuar  and  tl  0  Mu'S! 
ih  !SWi  J.u,?h'  L",."lui'.'  18"u>  Mlatnrjr  of  Sugar  and  Sugar-YInldlug  Plant!!”  Rood  I  0 I 


D0IS1  ibrimXn'du  S*- „  j'“  l‘,,‘  do^Cldiulo  a|i|iu!|!uia  nu 

^oaton'  and  "  Manufacture  of  lluet-itoot'Suyar,'’ C 


TALKING  MACniNE.  Son  Piiomoiunt. 


In  practice,  the  magnet  of  the  recorder  or  register 
current  upon  the  line,  especially  upon  lines  of  considi 
York  und  Washington.  Considerable  power  is  rcquli 

by  the  use  of  a  very  powerful  battery.  To  dispense 
power  to  effect  the  Indentation  of  the  paper,  a  magne 
the  recording  instrument  in  the  line,  and  the  latter  is 
but  a  few  feet  of  wire  and  one  or  two  jars  of  battcrv, 
'Jim  Jlclny,  Fig.  4088,  is  provided  with  n  delientely. 
by  uvo^crews,  the  one  uiwhe  right,  6,  being  tipped  v 

core  ceases  to  attract  the  nrinuturc.  The  lever  and  p< 
register,  and  serve  to  stop  und  start  the  flmv  of  clceti 
ins  key  docs  in  the  main  circuit  ns  previously  dcscrib 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Telegraph."  By  Edison  and  others.  Appleton’s  Cyclopedia  2  (1880):  849-859.] 


mil  receiving  apparatus.  1 


unison  or  swing.  Connilctod  to 

™t!io  fo!|UUTho 1 ptotinum  poi*' ta*h f  fr^lpioc'‘ljion  until  the 

’is  prevented  from  passing toto  the 
platen,  upon  which  is  luid  a 


lar  point  is  reciprocated  ovul  »  F,UM;U,  wmen  as  lum  a  sheet 
°ff  the  .circuit  ihrough  iho  reciproculcd  iioint  ami  moist. 

lo  th'o  (Ittwr!1^  Bn t^win^to^tN^ 


1 3h»imi 


at  a  speed  of  from  18 


Tim  dep rcs’sion  of  \ ^  t,IC  ^,‘cntft0,J,e;  J  'Hie  Edison 
The  paper  is  prepared  at  a  speed  of  from  85  to  50* w 


L 


(+o  o  o 

loo  O  O  Cl 

-o  o  o 


tained  by  using  a  supplementary  row  of  holes  placet 
paper  is  carried  forward  by  a  tootlicd  wheel  engagin' 
fointed  strip  used  in  thc,\Vhcatstono  system.  The  j: 

represented  by  the  smaller  circles. ^lyUdr 
smitter.  The  slip  is  perforated  for  tlie’lcttcr 


-j — ;• — “»o  obtained  by  induction 
the  other  direction.  The  transmission  of  the  currents 

and”  El{json’f‘I8-v  j’pf  tl,°  tra»wniittcr  consists  of  a  dri 

arranged  so  thatThcy  wilt  *Ml^  ,,,tt,5mnn-  -v,lccI' 


upper  perforation  is  used  in  conjunction  with  one  wh 


\  O 
yooo 


O 

ooooo 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Telegraph."  By  Edison  and  others.  Appleton’s  Cyclopedia  2  (1880):  849-859.] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[’TIow  to  Succeed  as  an  Inventor."  In  How  to  Succeed  in  Public  Life:  A  Series  of  Essays  if 

ed.  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York:  G.P.  Putnam’s  Sons,  1882):  95-104.]  | 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[''How  to  Succeed  as  an  Inventor."  In  How  to  Succeed  in  Public  Life:  A  Series  of  Essays 
ed.  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York:  G.P.  Putnam’s  Sons,  1882):  95-104.]  ^ 


nK-ncincr  at  seven  o'clock  at  »i  ht  and  rh 
till  eight  or  nine  the  next  morning.  1  do  not 
find  this  wearing  on  my  health  ;  in  fact,  1  do  not 
believe  that  any  thing  is  wearing-that  you  like. 

There  must  be  continuity  of  work.  When 
you  set  out  to  do  a  certain  thing  never  let  any 
thing  disturb  you  from  doing  that.  This  power 
of  putting  the  thought  on  one  particular  thing, 
and  keeping  it  there  for  hours  at  a  time,  comes 
from  practice,  and  it  takes  a  long  while  to  get 
m  the  habit.  I  remember,  a  long  while  ago,  I 
could  only  think  ten  minutes  on  a  given  sub¬ 
ject  before  something  else  would  come  to  my 
mind.  But,  after  long  practice,  I  can  now  keep 
mv  mind  for  hours  on  une  topic  without  being 
distracted  with  thoughts  of  other  matt  ers.  « 
When  1  was  at  Menlo  Park,  1  was  once 
working  with  my  assistants  a  long  time  trying 
to  connect  a  piece  of  carbon  to  a  wire  ;  every 
time  it  would  break.  Then  'we  would'  spend 
several  hours  in  making  another,  and  that 


would  break.  After  working  a  day  ami  t  wo 
nights  in  this  way,  we  finally  accomplished  <£.ir 
purpose.  One  of  my  assistants  wearily  got  up 
and  said  :  “Well,  1  think  Job  got  too  much 
reputation  on  a  small  capita! ! " 

The  fact  is.  the  inventor  must  have  a  tre¬ 
mendous  amount  of  patience.  There  are  proba¬ 
bly  one  hundred  disappoint  meats  t  o  one 
success,  and  the  things  that  are  valuable  seem 
to  be  very  hard  to  do.  Then,  loo,  hi:  must 
have  the  quality  of  imagination  largely  de¬ 
veloped,  or  he  will  get  into  a  rut,  and  that  is  the 
one  thing  above  all  others  he  must  not  do.  In 
addition  to  these  qualities,  the  inventor  should 
have  an  analytical  mind. 

A  man  to  lie  an  inventor  need  not  be  a  great 
mathematician.  1  have  had  college-bred  assist¬ 
ants  who  were  “  ’way  up,”  as  the  saying  is.  in 
arithmetic  and  algebra,  but  who  sometimes 
made  the  most  outrageous  mistakes  in  their 
calculations.  With  a  thorough  a'cqeaintance 
with  the  ordinary  branches  of  arithmetic  a  man 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


['TIow  to  Succeed  as  an  Inventor."  In  How  to  Succeed  in  Public  Life:  A  Series  of  Essays, 
ed.  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York:  G.P.  Putnam’s  Sons,  1882):  95-104.] 


;j  K 

I  i! 


ro  SVUCEK/J 

Ca"  maku  calculations  .accurate  enough  for  -i]] 

practical  purposes.  Faraday,  the  greatest  of  all 
experimentalists,  has  nothing  about  mathemat- 
>cs  in  Ins  books.  Such  a  knowledge  is  neees 
”7  !"  Pur"  scit:n«=-  but  not  in  applied  science. 

It  is  not  necessary  that  young  man  in  or 
<ler  to  succeed  should  have  a  collegiate  (duel 
f°n.  If  he  has  a  natural  taste  for  mechanics 
l-e  will  educate  himself  while  carrying  out  his 
P  ans  ,  that  is  to  say,  educate  himself  in  all  that 
I3  7?^  to  s“«*ss  in  his  profession. 

!  r:,Ct'  Sl,ch  Poetical  education  is  the  only 
e  u  cation  which  is  good  for  any  thing.  Learn¬ 
ing  science  and  mathematics  in  college  is  one 
‘Wig  I  learning  them  practically  and  expert 

-  “?•  vi? <mrc,u  ^  bm  1 

J..ak  too  highly  of  the  technical  schools.  Theft 
iey  teach  not  alone  from  books,  but  allow  the 
pupils  to  work  at  the  bench.  The  Troy  Poly¬ 
technic  School,  I  think,  turns  out  the  best 
men.  Then  there  are  the  Massachusetts  In¬ 
stitute  of  Technology,  the  Stevens  Institute  of 


■  IS  AJf  It! VENTOK.  99 

Technology,  and  the  Washburnc  Institute,— all 

Whether  the  would -he  inventor  goes  to  col¬ 
lege  or  gets  his  education  practically  in  the 
shop,  the  proper  way  to  make  progress  in  his 
1  c._rning  is  to  set  out  to  do  a  certain  thing,  and 
lo  read,  study,  and  experiment  on  that  one  sub¬ 
ject.  In  these  days  the  domain  of  science  is  so 
broad  that  it  is  simply  impossible  for  one  man 
to  acquire  a  universal  knowledge  of  it.  There¬ 
fore.  let  him  lake  one  subdivision  of  it,  and, 
paying  no  attention  .0  the  rest,  let  him  devote 
his  whole  time  to  that.  If  he  succeeds  in  mas¬ 
tering  that  subdivision  he  can  go  into  some¬ 
thing  else. 

The  student  will  learn  a  great  deal  by  the 
way.  To  illustrate:  in  my  carbon  lamps  1 
found  I  had  to  use  bamboo.  I  set  to  work  and 
tend  Every  thing  I  could  find  in  the  works  on 
botany  in  regard  to  bamboo  and  the  family 
of  gigantic  grasses ;  experimented 'with  the 
microscope.  Now,  I  am  no  botanist;  but  I 


SUCCEED 


,  !■<  ■  *  know  enough  about  the  science  to  answer  my  ! 

■  ;,;i  purpose.  Anc!  1  never  read  any  thing  about  the 

j§t.  '  steam-engine  until  a  year  ago.  The  rule  should 

;  >  ke  never  to  read  any  thing  you  are  not  inter-  l 

!  IS  estedin.  ‘  .jj 

!  Rut  the  student,  will  find  that  experience  is  ] 

; |  the  best  teacher.  The  reason  why  1  get  along  '  :| 

«|  with  comparative  ease  how  is  because  1  know 

*  f!'  h"om  experience  the  enormous  number  of  things 

that  •  will  not  work.  From  the  great  number 
of  experiments  1  •  have  made,  and  the  vast 
i  j  .1n  ,  amount  of  information  1  have  stored  up,  1  am 

■  tji  saved  a  great  deal  of  time  and  trouble  in  not  / 

;Vt5i  having  to  travel  over  barren  ground. 

‘•!«i  There  arc  charlatans  among  scientific  men,  -  ; 

•  '  as  there  are  in  all  .professions.  You  will  fijid 

i»3  1  *n  hooks,  for  instance,  experiments  described 

|ji|  tlwt  could,  in  the  nature  of  things,  have  been  *  \ 

made  but  once.  1  he  results  are  accepted  as 
jllS  facts  by  some.  Sometimes,  with  the  increase 

||| ;  of  knowledge,  it  is  proved  that  the  experiment 


could  not  have  been  made  at  all ;  the  write 
simply  been  imposing  on  the  public. 

The  reason  why  so  many  so-called  “  ii 
tors"  fail  is  because  they  have  not  the  j 
of  analysis,  and  they  are  not  practical, 
instance,  a  man  will  devise  a  machine 
certain  object  He  makes  an  enormously 
plicated  affair  and  gets  out  his  patent, 
he  has  obtained  Ids  patent  lie  finds  there 
demand  for  such  a  thing;  and,  if  there  is 
rnand  for  it.  Ids  want  of  practicability  lias 
the  machine  so  complicated  that  it  cann 
made  a  commercial  success.  The  only  It 
can  apply  to  himself  when  he  is  workin 
order  to  see  that  he  is  on  the  right  trn 
common-sense.  Therefore,  it  would  m 
well  for  him  to  be  born  with  a  silver  spo 
Ids  mouth.  It  will  be  a  Help,  instead  of  a 
drance,  if  he  has  had  to  knock  around  the  \ 
and  earn  his  own  living,  for  he  will  ha 
better  L-nimUm  of  . .1..  .-*1 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["How  to  Succeed  as  an  Inventor."  In  How  to  Succeed  in  Public  Life:  A  Series  of  Essavs 
ed.  Lyman  Abbott  (New  York:  G.P.  Putnam’s  Sons,  1882):  95-104.] 


will  know  that  the  world  does  not  pay  for  any 
thins;  unless  it  absolutely  wants  it. 

Another  reason  for  failure  is  that  inventors 
work  well  enough  while  ever)-  thing  goes 
smoothly,  hut  give  up  when  thev  get  -  stuck." 
That  is  just  the  time  when  one  should  not  be 
discouraged  ;  at  such  a  time  the  inventor  should 
bring  all  his  powers  of  patience  and  persever¬ 
ance  to  bear  on  the  matter  in  hand. 

Tor  the  young. man  who  has,  as  I  said  in  the 
beginning,  a  natural  taste  for  mechanics.— such 
a  taste  ns  amounts  to  an  enthusiasm, -  the  pros¬ 
pect  for  success  as  an  inventor  is  good.  He 
can  take  hold  of  almost  any  thing;  the  steam- 
engine,  for  instance.  Probably  a  million  men 
have  already  worked  at  it.  That  would  not  deter 
me  in  the  least;  because  that  which  is  knowi^lo 
what  is  possible  to  he  known,  stands,  we  will 
say,  as  one  to  ten  millions.  The  best  method 
of  doing  almost  any  thing  you  can  mention  in 
mechanics  has  not  yet  been'  found  out.  Wc 
have  not  got  the  most  perfect  sewing-machine. 


1-ifty  years  hence  the  sewing-machine  wc  have 
now  will  be  laughed  at.  The  mind  of  man  if 
so  almost  infinite  that  the  field  is  unlimited 
But  the  only  proper  wav  is  to  take  up  one 
branch:  make  yourself  a  specialist. 

Of  course  there  is  pecuniary  reward  for  the 
successful  inventor.  If,  by  some,  slight  mechan¬ 
ical  invention,  you  muld  save  one  eighth  of 
one  per  cent,  in  weaving  a  yard  of  cloth,  o 
make  the  value  of  a  spindle  one  tenth  of  out 
per  cent,  more,  the  amount  saved  all  over  the 
world  would  he  enormous.  They  had  an  ore 
in  Tngljjnd  that  contained  so  much  phospho 
rus  that  they  could  not  work  it.  Two  men 
conceived  the  idea  of  lining  the  surface  with 
fire-brick  to  absorb  the  phosphorus.  And 
that  slight  change  opens  up  an  enormous  tract 
of  country  containing  this  ore.  They  sav  that 
the  man  who  conceived' the  idea  of  putting 
brass  tips  on  children's  shoes  netted  half  a 
million  dollars  from  his  invention.  That,  vou 
see,  was  an  invention  that  combined  the  two 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


^  U  SUC<-EED  JS  si  AT  INVENTOR. 

successful  qualities:  it  was  simple  and  it'  was 
panted  by  the  public.  Men  very  often  admire 
*e  invents  a  complicated  machine, 

but  they  will  not  purchase  his  machine ;  they 
buy  the  one  that  does  the  same  work  in  a 
simpler  way. 


How  To  Succeed: 


A  N  eminent  physician,  who  had  long  mad 
.  a  stud>'  o{  .the  brain,  its  functions  am 
diseases,  once  said  to  me  that  the  partition  be 
tween  genius  and  insanity  was  as  thin  as  tissue 
paper.  Endowment  with  genius,  therefore,  ii 
by  no  means  an  unmixed  blessing,  as  not  a  fev 
facts  and  experiences  go  to  prove.  I  would  no 
think,  even  for  a  moment,  of  writing  a  line  o: 
suggestion  to  this  gifted  class.'  If  they  have 
sufficient  balance  to.  preserve  intact  that  thin 
tissue- wall  of  safety,  and  ' sufficient  common- 
sense  to  work,  their  genius  will  rise  on  men’s 
vision  as  surely  as  the  star  that  appears  above 
the  eastern  horizon,  and  the  world  will  have 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  Electrical  Review  (January  24,  1885):  8-9.] 


Eloctrlclly  Man's  glare. 


hail  played  a  parlao  raillcnl  am 
ilriclly.  Hardly  a  single  ncrv 
complex  body  which  wo  cal 
[  society,  that  haa  not  thrilled  and  rlbralcd  will 
alrcngthened  tha  bond 


o f  trade  and  lent  ton  fold  pre- 1 
clflon  and  celerity  to  the  Innumerable  agencies 
'by  which  It  worka;  It  haa  breathed  new  tIUI- 
lty  Into  the  arta  and  sciences;  it  haa  eren 
warmed  and  alrcngthened  the  aoclal  forces; 
and  ln'a  word  one  may  Juatly  claim  for  it  I 
such  a  unlvcraal  atlmulua.aa  cannot  be  credit¬ 
'd  lo  any  other  purely  phyalcal  agency  In 
tho  world'a  hlatory. 

It  la  not  yet  fifty  yean  alnce  the  Invention 
|  of  the  electro  magnetic  telegraph,  made  by 
Profceaor  B.  P.  n.  Morac,  waa  first  put  Into 
operation  between  Washington  and  Halil- 
re.  To-day  there  la  hardly  a  hamlet  ao 
ill  and  remale  that  a  telegraph  atatlon 
a  not  link  Ha  Inhahltanla  wllh  every  point 
he  civilized  worliL  Tho  crude  apparnlua 
i  deed  by  Profeaaor  Morae  liaa  been  again 
again  Improved  on  by  subsequent  In. 

|  vector*  In  tho  eame  field.  ... 

Only  a  few  year*  elapsed  after  the  micccai 
of  Profeaaor  Morac  before  the  drat  auhmarlm 
cable  operated  in  America  waa  laid  betweer 
Cape  Itay  and  the  ahorea  of  New-Bruoawlck 
Thla  achievement  In  1852  euggeeted  to  Mr 
Cyrus  W.  Field,  we  believe,  the  connectloi 
of  the  New  World  with  the  Old,  by  mennao 


Many  Inver 


iwycr.  bail  previously  1 
|  experimenting  with  a' view  to  making  ur 
Inmpa giving llglitby  menoa  of  Incandesce 

on  fnllacloua  tbcorlea  and- were  fort-doc 
lo  failure.  The  writer  waa  led  lo  the  In 
Hon  or  the  filament  lamp  by  keeping  In  ml 

the  com -  - 

piled  to 


ip  forming  but  one  unit  of  : 
complete  ayatem.  Ilia  object,  therefore,  wn 
not  merely  the  device  of  an  elcctrlo  lamp;  h 
aimed  to  Invent  aayatrmof electrical illumln 
niton  which  could  be  operated  on  an  extend 
edacalc  In  tho  name  manueraalathobualnca 
of  gas  Illumination;  to  find  some  means  bj 
which  the  electrical  energy  could  be  turner 
into  light,  and  that  light  lie  used  for  house 


a  ayatem  superior-  to  that  ol 
o  compete  with  It  commercial 
■eault  of  these  experiments  wa 


nnd  tho  starting  of  a  Contral  Station  In  New 
j  York,  at  8  r.M.  on  September 4. 1888.  Then 
:  for  the  (lr*t  time  electricity  for  the  produc- 1 
lion  of  light  waa  supplied  and  sold  o 
meter.  Thla  station  has  breo  In  operai 
I  alnce.  night  and  day,  and  haa  been  folios 
'by  the  establishment  of  other  stations  t 
:  In  this  country  nod  Europe. 

In  addition  to  the  foregoing,  electricity 
boon  brought  to  tho  aid  of  melal-workers 
the  purposes  of  electro-plating  end  elec 
typlogilthas assumed  a  place  Incur  houses  for ; 
the  operation  of  cnll-bolls  and  sonuoclalora; , 
for  protection  agatost  burglars;  and  for  tbcl 
correction  of  our  clocks  and  other  purposes.  | 
,  Yet  though  ao  much  haa  been  already  dooe 
In  tbs  last  fifty  years  in  the  way  of  elei 
development,  the  writer  I*  confident  tb 


The  efforta : 
snee  telcpbon 
atlafaclory  Id 


ice  telephoning  havo  already  pr 


now  daily  carried  on  between 
I  York  and  Doston  to  a  limited  extent, 
great  difficulty  In  long.dlstnnee  tclcplx 
le  tho  loss  of  tho  current  by  static  Induction  I 
| on  the  earth  and  wires  In  close  proximity.  If 
igle  wire  could  be  pltced  sufficiently  higb 


>r  If  a  wire  could  be  siretchc 
be  earth  to  the  moon,  the  conncctlo 
I  could  also  bo  adequate.  Perfect  results  wei 
I  recently  obtained  on  a  Government  line  1 
Arizona,  a  distance  of  about  a  thousan 
mile*,  the  wire  stretchlngoveratreeleM  spec 
of  country,  more  perfect  far  than  can  how  be ! 
■had  between  Now  York  nnd  Hartford.  Tbs  I 
loss  of  the  electrical  energy  by  static  absorp¬ 
tion  nnd  the  running  logtlbor  of  lbs  elec- 
Irlcsl  waves,  Is  the  fact  Dial  utterly  precludes 
the  possibility  of  sub-marine  telephoning 
is  Hie  ocean.  One  thing,  however.  Is  now 
tin,  that  the  lime  Is  closo  at  hand  when  | 
Otophone  will  be  perfectly  successful  Id 
nbroken  circuit  for  a  distance  of  at  least  1 
nllcs;  and  that  a  subscriber  will  be  ablo  ; 
ommunlcato  wllh  75,000  commercial  i 
es.  More  tbau  this,  even,  It  Is  probable 
Hint  by  means  of  repealing  stationa,  com.  j 
itcallon  can  be  had  over  all  parts  of  the  : 


;  United  States. 


b  wrought  by 
leicpnone  wilt  he  equaled, 
hy  tho  transformation  wrot 
trical  lighting.  Two  years' 
bcronil a  doubt  I' 
household  purpt 
sold  in  compollllc 


legrapb  and  I 
rmnllon  wrought  through  elec-  j 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[  Electricity  Man’s  Slave."  Electrical  Review  (Januaiy  24,  1885):  8-9.] 


great  problem  lo 


A^TOihriKttlctaTTWB^ - 

. . -*■  application  anting  Its  trill.  I 

cal  energy  from  coal.  Tbs  dream  of 
w  tranefonned  directly  from  ihe  aolar 


i  derived  In  aome  simple  and  Inexpensive 
ay  directly  from  coal,  which  la  aolar  heal 
id  light  stored  up  by  nsm™  — n— 

believes  lo  lie  a  certain  ft... 

of  producing  electricity 


.  Tbe  present 


labor  lo  operate  It,  the  ultimate  product  la 
very  costly.  Once,  however.  Ihe  secret  of 
the  direct  production  of  Ihe  electrical  energy 
from  coal  Is  discovered,  a  marvelous  revolu- 
lion  will  take  place.  The  coat  lo  the  con. 
Burner  Ihcn  will  bo  very  email.  From  one 
great  central  station  In  a  city  electricity  will 
lie  furnished  lo  giro  light,  heat  and  power  to 
houses,  stores,  public  buildings,  factories 
and  workshops,  and  at  bo  reduced  a  cost  as 


living  will  probably  sec 
direct  transformation  of  i 
would  utilize  80  per  c« 
process  of  turning  the  on 
heat,  heat  luto  energy  c 


Electricity  os 


ichold  oi 


It  has  already  been  successfully  used  (forex* 
perl  mental  purposes)  at  Berlin,  Paris,  Port  ! 
Rush  (Ireland),  and  by  the  writer  at  Menlo 
Park  as  a  motive  power  on  a  railroad.  Theae. 

various  experiment  * 


id  Indical 


y  of  tho  elect: 


;  Th“  of  rebellions  orw,  Which 

i  for  the  want  of  an  economical  method  of  I 
working  are  to-day  practically  usdcre,  will  I 
probably  at  some  data  not  far  bcncc  yield  to 
man  Iba  predoua  metal  they  contain  by 
assistance  of  electricity.  Though  tbe  ex¬ 
periments  hsvo  not  been  very  successful, 
enough  bes  been  done  lo  show  that  there  will 
be  eventual  auccesa. 

Such,  briefly  (old,  are  the  marvels  of  elec- 
m'kMl  *"  “lre“dy  “ccomP,l«hcd,  or  ns 
foresight.  If  the  story  could  bare  been  tuld 
*s  a  prophecy  flfly  ycara  ago  it  would  Imvo 
dnred  even  the  most  adventurous  mind. 
Yet  the  oilier  half  of  Iba  alory  hidden 
behind  Ihe  veil  will  not  be  a  Jot  less  wonder, 
ful.  The  writer,  lo  revlowlng  what  be 
believes  from  a  long  nnd  absorbing  aluily  of 
Ilia  problems  of  dcctrldly,  has  only  lotirh- 
ed  on  thoao  phases  of  development  which 
experiment  has  shown  lo  bo  within  thograsp 
of  tho  scientific  Inventor.  To  discuss  Its 
possibilities  would  bring  Into  play  a  linn  of 

dreams  of  Ibo  poet  than  to  the  aober  Judg 
meat  of  Ihe  practical  worker. -if.  T.  Tribune,  j 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Air-Telegraph:  System  of  Telegraphing  to  Trains  and  Ships."  North  American 
Review  142  (March  1886):  285-291.] 


THE  AIR-TELEGRAPH 


Ststem  op  Telegraphing 


Trains  and  Ships. 


H 


I  have  been  asked  to  write  something  about  my  now  system  of 
•  telegraphy  by  induction  between  moving  railway  trains  and  tbo 
usual  fixed  stations,  which'  makes  it  possible  to  send  messages 
through  tho  air  without  attaching  any  wire  to  the  'cars  or  to  the 

The  indnction  coil  has  long  been  known  to  electricians  and 
studied  by  them,  bnt  its  enormous  practical  value  does  not  seem  to 
have  been  understood.  Indeed,  this  has  hardly  been  suspected  by 
those  who  have  used  the  coil  simply  in  scientific  experiments.  A 
number  of  years  ago  an  induction  coil  was  made,  which  had  the 
power  of  throwing  sparks  a  distance  of  twenty-one  inches  and 
making  them  penctrato  solid  blocks  of  glass  threo  inches  thick ; 
and  this  was  considered  so  remarkable  that  it  is  recorded  as 
among  the  most  striking  of  experimental  achievements.  But  I 
arrived  at  something  much  more  startling  than  that,  in  tho  course 
of  some  researches  which  I  had  undertaken  for  another  purpose. 
For  some  years  I  have  been  at  work  looking  for  a  new  force,  traces 
of  which  I  havo  often  observed  in  my  study  of  electrical  and  other 
action— a  forco  which  is  constantly  present  in  many  forms  and 
places,  but  has  never  been  measured,  named  or  brought  under  con¬ 
trol.  I  have  devised  dozens  of  machines  to  test  this  unknown 
forco  and  ascertain  its  characteristics ;  and  I  havo  now  planned 
a  test  which  may,  within  a  few  months,  givo  me  a  clear  proof  of  its 
existence  and  put  me  on  the  trail  by  which  I  can  follow  it  up  and 
capture  it. 

While  I  was  carrying  on  investigations  upon  this  line,  I  found 
that,  by  means  of  an  apparatus  whioh  I  had  made,  I  could  thrown 
very  strong  electric  current  fifty  feel  through  the  air,  from  one 
conductor  to  another,  by  means  of  a  simple  primary  coil  which 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Air-Telegraph:  System  of  Telegraphing  to  Trains  and  Ships."  North  American 
Review  142  (March  1886):  285-291.] 


.  280  '  TOE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

gavo  spark  in  tho  air,  wliilo  tlio  secondary  coil  conncotod 
therewith,  although  giving  sparks  through  tho  air  sovcral 
inches  in  longth,  was  powerless  to  transmit  a  wavo  over  this 
great  distanco.  This  fact  at  onco  oponod  a  wholo  now  field  for 
tho  practical  uso  of  induced  olcctrioity  in  telegraphing  botwcon 
points  at  which  a  wire  connection  would  not  bo  practicable. 
It  was  like  finding  suddonly  a  now  volume  of  romanco  in  tho  ond- 
tos  library  °f  oleotrioal  wondors.  Aftorwards  my  friends,  Mr 
William  Wiloy  Smith  and  Mr.  E.  T.  Gilliland,  came  forward  with 
an  invention  patented  by  thorn  in  1881,  for  working  tho  telephone 
by  means  of  induced  currents  to  and  fro  botwcon  railroad  care  and 
n  special  wire  near  tho  track.  Wo  combined  our  resources,  and  I 
wont  on  osporimonting— having  discarded  tho  tolopbono  nod 
adopted  Moiso  oharactore — until,  beginning  with  a  lenp  of  tho  cur¬ 
rent  through  fifty  feet  of  air,  I  am  now  ablo  to  sond  it  fivo  hun¬ 
dred  aud  oighty  foot.  Henco  it  appeared  that  no  special  wire 
uou  d  bo  needed  closo  to  tho  track,  becanso  tho  ourront  generated 
on  tlio  car  could  jump  ovor  to  tlio  regular  Morso  wires ;  and  theso 
wires  woro  used  by  mo,  through  tho  employmoufc  of  proper  instm- 
merits,  to  convoy  messages  to  their  destination,  without  intorforin"- 
'"“‘l  '10  ree“l“r  trafflo.  Tho  result  of  work  by  Mr.  Gilliland  and 
myself,  in  inventing,  perfecting  and  adnpting  apparatus,  is  that  a 
circuit  can  now  bo  established  botweeu  any  train,  cither  moving  or 
at  a.  stand-still  on  a  railroad,  and  tho  torminus  of  tho  road  :  or  bo- 
tween  tho  trains  and  any  station  on  tho  route.  A  circuit  is  also 
cstabhshcd  botwcon  any  ouo  train  and  all  othor  trains  on  tho  sumo 

It  would  bo  out  of  plaeo,  hero,  to  givo  all  tho  dotails  of  tho 
apparatus  by  which  this  is  accomplished.  Tho  ourront  generated 
o.  tho  car  proceeds  from  a  small  fivc-coll  battery  placed  under  a 
(ablo  (or  cabinet,  as  wo  call  it),  about  two  feet  square,  which  holds 
tlio  instrument.  Tho  table  affords  room  for  a  Morso  key,  an  elec¬ 
tro-magnet  and  an  mstrumont  called  a  “vibrator,"  which,  by 
means  of  a  motal  reed,  gives  a  musioal  ohnraolor  to  tho  electrical 
impulses  caused  hy  oponing  nnd  closing  tho  circuit.  At  tho  ter¬ 
mini,  or  at  any  fired  station,  all  that  is  heeded  is  a  similar  appara- 

or four  of  H  “  Wir°  "ithXo 

or  four  of  tho  regular  telegraph-  wires.  On  tho  car  tho  wires  from 
ho  battery  and  instrument  are  grounded  through  tho  axles  nnd 
wheels.  Anothor  wire  leads  up  to  tho  ordinary  motal  roof  of  tlio 


THE  AIR-TELEORAPH. 


m 


■  car  and  charges  it  with  olcctrioity.  •  Tho  roofs  of  tho  Bovoral  oars 
■>  composing  a  train  may  also  bo  connected  by  an  insnlatod  ooppor 
•  wire.  In  this  way  tho  roof  aots  ns  ono  sido  of  a  condonsor,  and 
•:  -tho  usual  telegraph  wires  stretched  on  poles  along  tho  odgo  of  tho 
• .  ■  road-bed  form  tho  other  sido  of  tho  condonser.  Tho  current  from 
.  tho  car  battery  and  tho  roof  of  tho  oar  is  of  buoIi  a  nature  that  tlio 
,  ;  wavo  of  electricity  sent  from  tho  apparatus  in  tho  car  lasts  only 
.  about  ono  600,000th  of  a  second.  During  this  short  poriod  tho  nir 
seems  to  conduct  electricity  j  but  if  tho  current  woro  allowed  to' 
remain  any  longer  the  air  would  ontor  into  such  a  state  as  to  opposo 
any  further  transmission.  If  now  an  iutorval  of  timo  is  allowed  to 
.  .  clapso  tho  air  regains  its  normal  condition  nnd  nnothor  wavo  enu 
bo  transmitted.  In  Bonding  a  singlo  Morso  lottor,  for  instanco  tho 
•letter  E,  which  is  a  Biuglo  dot,  ovor  fifty  soparato  waves  with  waits 
.  .  botwcon  thorn  havo  to  bo  transmitted,  at  tho  rnto  of  Bix  hundred 
per  second.  Thoso  separate,  rapid  waves  form  a  musical  Bound. 
.Along  or  short  depression  of  tho  koy  of  an  organ  imitntes  tho 
.  sound  of' tho  dots  nnd  dashes  ns  hoard  in  tho  rocoiving  instrument. 
Tho  oporators,  both  on  tho  car  and  at  tho  fixed  stutions,  hear  thoso 
notes  through  tolophouio  soundors,  so  that  tho  rattlo  of  tho  train 
nnd  tho  crackling  noiso  of  othor  messages  rushing  nlong  tho  wires 
do  not  disturb  thorn  in  tho  least.  All  that  tlioy  hoar  from  theso 
'  reccivora  is  a  clear,  crisp,  humming  noto  which  is  perfectly  dis¬ 
tinct  in  its  short  or  long  iterations.  Tho  oporator  on  tho  car  has 
tho  tolephonic  receivers  fastened  over  his  ears  by  a  rubber  strap, 
so  that  both  hands  rqinnin  froo,  ono  to  work  tho  key  with  and  tho 
othor  to  writo  out  messages  ns  tlioy  urrivo.  Tho  regular  Morso 
waves  traverso  tho  wires  at  tho  rnto  of  about  thirteen  to  a  second. 
Mino  go  through  tlio  nir  nnd  nlong  tho  wires  at  tho  rnto,  ns  I 
havo  said,  of  six  hundred  a  second.  This  docR  not  inako  it  possible 
to  send  a  messngo  nny  more  rapidly  tliun  on  tho  regular  Morso  cir¬ 
cuits;  butit  offsets  ono  result  of  tho  highest  importance— that  is, 

■  that  ono  ourront  does  not  iuterforo  with  tho  other.  Tlio  sounds 
whioh  wo  trausmit  by  inductivo  olcctrioity  cannot  bo  heard  by 
operators  nt  ordinary  Morso  instruments ;  but  any  nverngo  opora¬ 
tor  at  a  fixed  station  providod  with  our  instrument  can  read  our 
messages  with  oven  greater  onso  than  ho  could  rend  from  tho  cus¬ 
tomary  relay  instrument. 

•  Honco  it  makes  no  difference  how  many  wires  there  may  bo 
along-sido  tho  railroad.  No  confusion  is  possible.  Neither  can 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Air-Telegraph:  System  of  Telegraphing  to  Trains  and  Ships."  North  American 
Review  142  (March  1886):  285-291.] 


288  the  Noitm  American  review. 

car  operators  tnko  messages  oft  thoso  wires  wlion  sent  by  moans  of 

lrainn77  “‘"ra"18,  ButmcS6aSC3  l>y  our  apparatus  from  one 
train  to  another,  or  from  trains  to  stations,  can  travol  ovor  the 
usual  circuits  without  difficulty.  Dispatclios  can  bo  6ont  to  or- 
if,0"’  oa™  !n  oithor  direction,  either  forward  or  backward  along 
the  route.  The  ourrent  leaps  ovor  to  and  runs  along  tho  wires6 
niidwhntovor  train  or  station  may  bo  called,  that  train  or  station 
will  hoar  tho  call  and  answer  it,  but  others  which  am  not  called  will 

ri°d  win  “f0  ?  Two  trllina  P^ins  each  othor  on  tlio 
road  uill  not  materially  interrupt  communication,  because  they 
pass  within  a  few  seconds,  and  tho  telegraphing  to  and  from  each 
ouo  can  bo  resumed  immediately. 

Tho  orpenso  of  putting  instruments  in  on  cars  or  at  station* 
w.  l  be  small  No.  special  wire  will  ever  bo  needed  except  in 
extreme leases  whore  regular  wires  diverge  widely  from  tho  road-bed 
The  instruments  on  trains  will  occupy  only  a  cornorin  oither  a 
baggage  ova  passenger  car,  and  tl.oy  can  bo  moved  from  ono  car 
“?‘h0r  ““d  Bat  e°;ne  afi“in  within  a  few  minutes  after  tho 
transfer.  Tho  advantage  of  this  systom  ovor  any  which  in- 

tothoinT118  “  °?-ly  Wir°  bot'voon  tho  ™ils  or  close 

to  thorn  is  apparent  in  tho  fact  that,  while  a  singlo  speoial  wiro 
could  easily  bo  cut  by  miseliiovous  poisons,  nothing  could  break 
—T,11  tby  °T  Ey6tCm’  un]06S  dI  th0  r°gular  telegraph 
tho  tranV  W  m  1°™  F"rthoimoro,  a  wiro  running  along 

the  wv  mom™t  1“’  Trod  by  “,,y  ncoidont  to  11  at 

tho  Tory  moment  whon  it  would  bo  essontial  to  talk  to  that  train 

sT“uoLmaVfho°tlnVOry  sending  reports  to  tho  fixed 

ment  was  nWr  ?  ’  °  ?“*  °T°U  “  thocari“  thoinstru- 

onorat'nrs  inTt  ,  b°  ovoltuTncA>  »  would  not  matter.  The 
opoiators  and  tram  dispatchers  would  at  once  suspect  nn  accidont 
and  telegraph  accordingly  to  othor  trains. 

This  invention  might  well  bo  callod  “tho  air-toleeranh  ” 

tlmTres0  “Zt’ tl  ^  “  *°  C°n7C™  a“m&  tbo  at'"°sphora  from 
tho  wires,  lint  tho  company  to  whioh  it  now  bolongs  calls  it 
s.mplj  tho  railway  telegraph.”  I  expect  to  apply  it  fn  such  a 
}  that  ships  at  sea,  many  miles  apart,  can  exchange  messages  of 

shmnSbaHoo  k?  f ."f"'  Prabably,bo  acfomplislmd  by 
us. ng  a  biilloon-kito  coated  with  tin-foil,  soaring  several  hundred 
Sira,  «  W„°„ n°i  aud  eoiitro'lcd  by  a  fine  wiro.  Tho  song  of  tho 
Sneiis  would  liavo  no  charm  for  any  marinor  who  could  hear  from 


THE  AIR-TELEORAPU. 


homo  and  Bend  word  to  his  sweothoart  by  this  method.  Nows  of 
•  ■  I,  4't. '••;•••, .  •  wrecks,  distress,  mutinies,  oto;,  coiild  bo  rapidly  forwarded  from 

,  j;I t'!..  ship  to  ship  within  caoh  other’s  signalling  uroa,  aud  merchants 

>  ■  could  not  only  find  out  just  where  tho  ships  aro  that  carry  valuablo 

T,-’;-.- cargoes  invoiced  to  them,  but  could  oIbo,  if  they  desired,  tolograph 
•4  to  altor  the  destination  of  their  vossols,  in  accordance  with  changoB 

>'  '  of  the  market.  In  timo  of  war  a  lino  of  ships  stationed  along  tho 

j'-  1  const  or  botwcon  tho  scene  of  active  hostilities  and  tho  nearest  tolo- 

'I:  .  ’  graph  offico,  could  bo  of  immense  sorvico  in  convoying,  by  tlio 

.. •■■■  j  ■■■•■:.  .  “air-telegraph”  uows  of  the  enemy’s  approaeh,  or  in  transmitting 

rr'-'.'.ttv.  dispatches  whoro  communication  by  tho  land  routes  was  interrupted. 

■  1“  arohipclngos  and  whero  small  islands  lio  near  tho  coast,  this 
i':v  dovico  would  mako  it  possiblo  to  tolograph  from  island  to  island 

or  to  tho  main  shore  much  more  ohoaply  than  by  laying  submarine 
]  cables.  Why  should  wo  not  also  uso  tho  samo  means  for  tolograph- 

■J.r  ’  ing  from  stations  at  long  intervals,  which  might  bo  sot  up  inmoun- 

v’Ss'i'V.  tain  or  forest  rogions,  which  tho  wires  do  not  commouly  ponotrato  ? 

'■yii’i't'-'-'l  -. .  But  it  is  not  necessary  to  dwell  on  thoso  and  oilier  uses  to 
•  .■  whioh  tho  invontiou  may  bo  put  in  tho  future.  Tlioro  is  ono  ap- 
'  ■  plication  of  it  which  at  presont  transcends  all  otliors  and  1ms  been 

~y.  j-i  •  .  triod  fully  on  tho  Staten  Island  Kuilroad.  Bcforo  thoso  pages  aro 
"  '  published -it' will  also  bo  in  oporation  on  tho  Ohicago,  Milwaukoo 
.to  •«!*.'•  y-.;  ■  and  St.  Paul  Kailroad,  whero  its  valuo  in  train-dispatching  will  bo 

1  •’  illustrated.  I  am  not  familiar  with  tho  management  of  railroads, 

;J.5.  ■  but  somo  of  thoso  who  aro  so  nssuro  mo  that  tho  “air-telegraph” 

or  railway  telegraph  will  groatly  facilitate  railway  Bervico  in  tho 
*■}  •  following  ways : 

fy.  1.  On  roads  having  a  Inrgo  trnfilo,  it  is  moro  economical  to 

dispatch  freight  trains  (oxcopt  in  somo  cases  of  lino  and  special 
':J,  ‘  freights)  os  soon  as  tlioy  nro  mado  up,  and  to  allow  thorn  to  mako 

i  ■■■■  "■  •  '•  their  run  without  being  bound  by  a  fixed  sclicdulo.  A  special  and 

'  important  instance  of  this  is  tho  way  in  which  trains  loaded  with 

.-. . :  ..  grain  have  to  bo  sent  from  tho  West  to  tho  Bast  ns  rapidly  ns  pos- 

,i  . ' :  Bible.  Auy  method  that  enables  tho  train  department  to  move 

.  ..  bucIi  trains  safely  without  n  fixed  sclicdulo  must  bo  iuYaluablo. 

(  •  On  a  singlo-traok  road,  especially,  with  telegraph  stations  somo  dis- 

tnneo  apart,  it  is  essential  that  tlio  train  doimrtment  should  watch 
: aud  control  tho  movements  of  trains  so  as  to  ltcop  thorn  clear  from 

(all  dangors  and  collisions.  As  things  aro  now,  tho  chief  train  dis- 
•  .  patchor  is  liko  a  genorul  trying  to  conduct  a  campaign  and  to  move 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Air-Telegraph:  System  of  Telegraphing  to  Trains  and  Ships."  North  American 
Review  142  (March  1886):  285-291.] 


290  the  north  American  review. 

aXrSo?t^ 

absolute  command  of  thowholoL  *  8yat°m  ^  hi“ 

patdmf  has  to  extend  ^L^fsoHSmoXost'oloS  un-‘ 
toward  cvouta  Among  theso  diffioultiGa  nrn  “wvnnb-  »  j  1,1 

Hssasgii? 

■giliPHssg 

notice  ’  h°  S0lv0fl  1118  Problo'»  “t  the  shortest 

r|Sg«SSSS 

,  itift  sr*  ■“f.^scsrs: 

JS&ZEZ  I8-”01  COnfino‘1  *»  train-dis- 


fras  a 


i-TELXORAPII. 


K'c 

i^.v 


which  rcquiro  that  a  traveling  agent  or  partnor  should  bo  notifled 
beforo  ho  roachos  his  station,  may  bo  oiplaine.d  to  hirnby  tho  rail- 
way  tclogrnph,  whilo  ho  sits  in  tho  car  journeying  along  ntr  tho  rato 
of  thirty  or  forty  miles  an  hour.  Similarly  ho  may  send  book  to 
his  ofllco  in  Now  York,  San  Francisco  or  Ohicngo  any  information 
which  ho  happons  to  piok  up,  or  business  dooisions  which  ho  was 
not  able  to  make  beforo  starting. 

Tho  benefit  to  nowspapor  correspondents  is  obvious.  Thoy  cau 
collect  nowB  at  ono  town,  and  on  tboir  way  to  another  plnco  they 
can  writo  their  dispatches  in  tho  train  and  sond  them  from  it 
dirootly  to  tho  editorial  office,  whorovor  that  office  may  bo,  tboreby 
.  saving  a  great  deal  of  timo. 

Police  business  will  of  course  bo  greatly  oxpodited  by  this  Bystom. 
.  Tho  polioo  authorities  of  any  town  or  city,  if  thoy  lmvo  reason  to 
-  suppose  that  a  criminal  or  a  civil  offondcr — such  as  embezzlers  nud 
confidonco  mon — lias  taken  to  flight  by  railroad,  can  at  onco  Bend 
:  descriptions  and  inquiries  to  all  traius  on  tho  routes  loading  from 
.  tlicir  locality.' 

Tho  working  of  tho  invention  is  not  a  matter  of  uncertainty. 
■  It'  is  already  dovclopod  and  porfoclcd,  and  can  bo  applied  any¬ 
where.  I  liavo  had  it  elaborately  tested  for  sovcral  mouths,  uud  it 
oporates  equally  well  in  all  weathers.  So  completely  is  it  undor 
control  that,  I  think,  by  fastening  motallio  plates  on  houses  near 
tho  regular  lines  of  tolograph  wires,  offices  could  bo  oponodin  tboso 
houses,  and  an  opposition  telegraph  system  bo  started  on  tho  snmo 
wires.  It  is  possible  that  I  may  in  timo  find  means  of  using  tele¬ 
phones  on  trains,  for  oral  conversation,  which  was  tho  origiuul 
idon  of  Mr.  William  Wiley  Smith ;  but  that  would  bo  a  soparato 
dovclopmcut.  Tho  now  rnilwny  tologruph  is  comploto,  as  it  stands 
to-day ;  and,  in  its  now  utilization  of  inducod  electricity,  as  woll  as 
in  its  wido-spread,  •  practical  bearings,  it  seoms  to  me— if  I  may 
speak  of  it  for  a  moment  without  rogurd  to  my  personal  rolnliou 
'  to  it — ono  of  tho  most  important  among  recent  inventions,  in  tho 
results  it  is  likoly  to  accomplish. 

Thomas  A.  Edison. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["On  a  Magnetic  Bridge  or  Balance  for  Measuring  Magnetic  Conductivity."  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  36  (August  1887;  pub. 

1888):  92-94.] 


ii  \r 

F»  p 


PROCEEDINGS 


THE  AMERICAN  ASSOCIATION 


ADVANCEMENT  OF  SCIENCE, 

thirty-sixth  meeting, 

'THOS.  A.  EPTSOMy 

NEW  YORK, 

AUGUST,  1887. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["On  a  Magnetic  Bridge  or  Balance  for  Measuring  Magnetic  Conductivity."  Proceedings 
of  the  American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science  36  [August  1887:  pub. 

1888):  92-94.] 


02  section  n. 

tho  potential  generally  becomes  steadily  positive.  Potential  as  high  as  • *18 
many  thousands  of  volts  ore  observed,  accompanied  by  sparking  in  the  ap*  .'  ’  ** 
parutus.  It  appears  that,  lu  general,  tho  appcaranco  of  negative  potential 
Is  coincident  with  the  appearance  of  rain,  cither  at  the  station  or  near  by. 

It  cannot  be  said  to  precede  the  ralu  with  certaluty,  although  this  some*  iyigji 
times  happens.  * 


On  a  magnetic  nmnoK  or  balance  foii  measuring  maonktio  conduc¬ 
tivity.  By  Dr.  Thomas  A.  Edison,  Orange,  Now  Jersey. 


practice,  especially  If  we  consider  the  various  forms  which  It  has  assumed,  '> 
than  the  device  contrived  by  Christie  and  commonly  known  as  Wheat* 
atofi°’a  bridge.  It  was  with  the  belief  that  a  similar  instrument  could  bo  ' 
constructed  which  should  perforin  the  same  service  for  magnetic  measure*  \ 
merits,  thut  the  experiments  were  made  tho  results  of  which  I  have  tho  , 
honor  now  to  present  to  tho  Seetlou. 

The  Wheatstone  bridge  Is  based  upon  the  fact  that  If  two  points  ofdlf*  • 
ferc at  electric  potentials  arc  united  by  two  conducting  paths  the  fall  of 
potential  along  these  paths  Is  absolutely  the  samo  provided  that  theso  .l* 
paths  are  absolutely  alike  electrically.  Consequently,  if  two  points  cqul*  * 
distant  from  the  place  of  higher  potential  be  connected  together,  no  cur*  .* 
rent  will  flow  through  tho  connecting  wire.  So,  by  analogy,  If  two  points  ’  *. 
be  fjiAlntttliicd  at  a  constant  difference  of  magnetic  potential,  the  full  of  ;i 
potential  from  one  to  the  othor  through  two  or  more  paths  will  bu  abso*  1 
iuteiy  uniform  in  all  provided  these  paths  be  mngnotlcally  Identical.  II 
at  any  two  points  equidistant  from  a  given  termlual,  tho  magnetic  pi 
UQ1  is  the  same  and  these  poluts  would  bo  without  differential  action  upon 


Th°  magnetic  brldgo  may  bo  constructed  In  the  form  of  a  rhomb,  the 
typical  form  of  the  Wheatstone  brldgo.  For  this  purpose  tho  four  sides 
are  made  of  tho  purest  Norway  Iron  as  soft  as  possible  and  thoroughly 
annealed.  To  tho  acuto  angles  of  the  rhomb  are  connected  tho  poles  of  a  -  *’ 

magnetic  potential- difference  at  theso  points.  Connected  to  tho  two  ob* 
tuso  angles,  and  projecting  Inward,  are  two  bars  of  Norway  Iron  similar  la 
aoctlon  to  tlioso  forming  the  sides.  Their  Inuor  ouds,  which  aro  hollov 
out»  Approach  to  within  about  a  half  Inch  of  each  othor.  Between  th 


To  tJl°  8tIrruP  is  attached  either  n  pointer  moving  oi 
or  getter  a  mirror  by  means  of  which  tho  deflection  cc 
usua!  way  with  a  larapstond  and  scale. 


In  tho  Instrument  now  In  uso  Jo  my  laboratory  tho  magnetic  b  id 

P-  ^ cnj8  °r  p°ics  °f  «i«trom.gnej  bsis 

MH'-..  tlmmlddlc  of  the  short  sides,  while  tho  bora  which  pass  In- 

'  hi™  .  h,  "0'f  an‘}°['Ka 10  11,0  ■"“«'•  of  tho  longer  .Idea.  Tho  four 
«oa.  ond  of  ti  S°.r  COUBl,ll,tu  ll'«  Of  tho  brldgo.  Tho  two 
>  i  “  ' L.  d  f  1,10  rtct“"=lo  are  ilxod,  tho  two  nt  tho  othor  oud  aro  mova- 
form  a  se  i j  1 1  cl  r  clo^t  n'n  ding  *”JVar<j  t0  1,10  ncedl0  Aro  curved  so  us  to 

It  will  ho  readily  aeon  that  when  ‘“hodoolromagnot  la  charged,  a  con- 

wlU .be  uo  “u  But  If  0,,u  or  tho  movable  burs  bo  loosened,  tho 
are  e  s  u  once  deflected,  mid  in  n  dlrectlou  depending  upon  the  sldo 

t  max- 

“f  lr0,J1  or  ,n  •“/  other  way  which  nlfects^ho  mog- 
M,lc  l  f  “  u'Vlty  tl;ro"«1'  th«  bridge,  tho  dodectlon  ahowa  at  onoo  the 

i^*Ttamiwin«Ue  b*5d  **'n*  010  r“"s“  °f  tho  “PPni“tus  la  maintained. 

•,  qoallty  of  tlm  iron  purchased  forth!  Ve"!y'grm 

k  0b8,!rv,:d  lra"»  auppoacd  commercially  to  ho  of  tlmflmo 

r  b  I  Ml  |j°"!'M!U0“  y  11,0  Potential  difference  developed  by  a  dynamo 

&  rsrjsx  iai  s 

jjjP'*  geuemfor  tlum^ttccu  at*?0*0*!  1*°  *i<:tur,,,inei*  a°d  the  constants  of 

%  f^et  thla  bridge  u'wHlit^aeem'wn'rhe^cquid^yuaeful  for  testing  Iron  and 

l>!.l..y of  l“nrjr„S;cmal!!.ri""t!rro0f"'y  th°  “"d 

; .  Cauatructcd  wlth'auMu lentTre  m,d  dotaUaT'tho'^gS 

c  bridge  may  without  doubt  bu  made  a  most  valuable  Instrument  of  precl- 
■lea  for  the  nirthcranoc  ofsolontlllc  rcaoarcli.  Tho  theory  oflta  action  Is 
'  luieeUhrMgonconsanmt!d*for*IU  ““'i  c0““l®rP‘‘rl  of  on  onllnnry  Wheat- 

«  Wit  water,  alnco  now  whatever  la  true  electrically  of  the  ono  la  true  mag- 

bet  thovarlallo  **  'T  ‘,'l“  for  *" dtam^ttabodlM 


["The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


THE  PERFECTED  PHONOGRAPH. 


Ten  years  ago  I  contributed  to  tho  Nortii  American  Review 
(May-Jnno,  1878),  a  paper  on  tlio  “Phonograph  and  its  Future,” 
in  which  I  sketched  tho  solution  of  certain  problonis  accomplished 
by  my  invention,  and  predicted  some  of  tho  uses  to  which  it 
would  bo  put.  Other  weighty  mutters  engaged  much  of  my  timo 
and  attention  after  that  nrticlo  was  published,  but  tho.  future  of 
which  I  then  spoko  has  now  arrived,  and  tho  predictions  which  I 
made  at  that  timo  are  now  verified.  For,  when  these  words  ap¬ 
pear  in  print,  tho  demonstration  of  tho  phonograph’s  practical 
adaptability  to  tho  purposes  mentioned  by  me  will  have  bcon  com¬ 
pleted,  and  the  porfeoted  instrument  itsolf  will  be  in  tho  hands  of 
tho  public,  to  bo  tested  and  employed  by  thorn  at  will.  Rumors, 
I  understand,  have  boon  circulated  to  tho  effect  that,  subse¬ 
quently  to  my  announcements  mndo  ten  years  ago,  I  allowed  tho 
phonograph  to  go  adrift,  leaving  its  further  development  to  clmnco 
and  to  tho  tendor  mercies  of  such  disinterested  porsonB,  not  con¬ 
nected  with  mo,  os  might  coneoivo  that  tlioy  woro  doing  mo  a 
favor  by  claiming  to  have  dovoloped  my  idea.  Thoso  who  may 
liavo  beon  tnkon  in  by  these  rumors  would  do  well  to  inform  them¬ 
selves  concerning  tho  prolonged  luborinvolvcd  in  carrying  out  im¬ 
portant  inventions.  They  nro  also  referred  to  my  former  state¬ 
ments  in  this  Review,  as  proof  that  tho  signor  of  thoso  statements 
at  least  know  clearly  what  ho  was  talking  about  and  predicted  only 
that  which  ho  has  now  fulfilled. 

Since  tho  timo  of  Lucrotins,  tho  movomonts  of  atoms  have 
boon  invested  with  an  intonso  interest  for  philosophers  and  soion- 
tific  students,  and  tho  wave-motions  of  light,  lient  and  Bound  liavo 
engaged,  with  a  constantly  increasing  degreo  of  importance,  tho 
attention  of  modem  investigators.  When  we  consider  tho  rela¬ 
tion  of  thoso  motions  to  mutliematics  and  to  music,  tho  concep¬ 
tion  of  Pythagoras  that  nnmbor  and  harmony  constituted  tho 


The  North  American  Review 


June  1888 


["The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


842  the  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

prinoiplo  of  tho  Univorao  does  not  scorn  to  bo  very  far  out  of  tho 
way.  In  tho  phonograph  wo  And  an  illustration  of  tho  truth  that 
human  spoeoh  is  govornod  by  tho  laws  of  number,  harmony  and 
rhythm.  And  by  moans  of  those  laws,  wo  aro  now  ablo  to 
rogistor  all  sorts  of  sound  and  all  articulate  utterance— ovon  to 
tho  lightest  shades  and  rariations  of  tho  voice — in  lines  or  dots 
which  aro  an  absolute  equivalent  for  tho  emission  of  sound  by  tho 
lips ;  so  that,  through  this  contrivance,  wo  can  cause  these  lines 
and  dots  to  givo  forth  again  tho  sound  of  tho  voice,  of  music, 
and  all  other  sounds  recorded  by  thorn,  whether  audible  or  inaudible. 
For  it  is  a  very  extraordinary  fact  that,  wliilo  tho  deepest  tone  that 
our  curs  are  capablo  of  recognizing  is  one  containing  16  vibrations 
a  second,  the  phonograph  will  record  10  vibrations  or  less,  and  can 
tlion  raiso  tho  pitch  until  wo  hear  a  reproduction  from  them. 
Similarly,  vibrations  above  tho  highest  rate  andiblo  to  tho  car  can 
bo  recorded  on  tho  phonograph  mid  then  reproduced  by  lowering 
tho  pitch,  until  wo  actually  hoar  the  record  of  those  inaudible 
pulsations. 

To  make  the  general  idea  of  the  recording  of  sound  more  clear, 
lot  mo  remark  ono  or  two  points.  Wo  huvo  all  been  struck  by 
tho  precision  with  which  oven  tho  faintest  sen-waves  impress  upon 
tho  surface  of  a  beach  tho  lino,  sinuous  lino  which  is  formed  by 
tho  rippling  edge  of  their  advance.  Almost  ns  familiar  is  thefact 
that  grains  of  sand  sprinkled  on  a  smooth  surface  of  glass  or  wood, 
on  or  near  a  piano,  sift  themselves  into  various  lilies  and  curves 
according  to  tho  vibrations  of  tho  melody  played  on  tho  piano- 
koys.  Those  tilings  indicate  how  easily  tlio  particles  of  solid 
matter  may  reccivo  an  imparted  motion,  or  tako  nn  impression, 
from  delicate  liquid  waves,  air  waves,  or  waves  of  sound.  Yet, 
well  known  though  these  phenomena  nro,  tlioy  apparently  never 
suggested  until  within  a  few  years  that  the  sound-waves  sot  going 
by  a  human  voice  might  bo  so  directed  as  to  trace  an  impression 
upon  somo  solid  substunco,  with  n  nicety  equal  to  that  of  the  tide 
in  recording  its  flow  upon  n  sand  beach. 

My  own  discovery  that  this  could  bo  done  came  to  me  almost 
accidentally  wliilo  I  was  busy  with  experiments  having  a  different 
object  in  view.  I  was  engaged  upon  a  machine  intended  to  repeat 
Morso  characters,  which  wero  recorded  on  paper  by  indentations 
that  transferrod  their  message  to  another  circuit  automatically, 
when  passed  under  a  tracing-point  connected  with  a  circuit-clos- 


THE  PERFECTED  PHONOGRAPH.  643 

ing  apparatus.  In  manipulating  this  mnehino  I  found  that  when 
the  cylindor  carrying  the  indontod  paper  was  turnod  with  groat 
swiftness,  it  gavo  off  a  humming  noise  from  tho  indentations— a 
musical,  rhythmic  sound  resembling  that  of  human  talk  heard 
indistinctly.  Tbis  led  mo  to  try  fitting  a  diaphragm  to  tho 
machine,  which  would  receive  tho  vibrations  or  sound-waves 
inndo  by  my  voico  when  I  talked  to  it,  mid  rogistor  tlieso  vibra¬ 
tions  upon  an  impressible  material  pluood  on  tho  cylindor.  Tho 
material  soloctcd  for  immediate  uso  wns  paraffined  papor,  and  tho 
results  obtained  were  excellent.  The  indentations  on  tho  cyl¬ 
inder,  when  rapidly  revolved,  caused  a  repetition  of  tho  originul 
vibrations  to  reaoli  tho  oar  through  a  recorder,  just  as  if  tho 
machine  itself  wore  speaking.  I  saw  at  oneo  that  tho  prohlom  of 
registering  human  speech,  so  that  it  could  be  repeated  by  mechani¬ 
cal  menus  us  often  S3  might  bo  desired,  was  solved. 

Tho  history  of  tho  phonograph  as  it  wns  thou  dovisod  and 
manufactured  in  small  quantity,  merely  for  purposes  of  public  ex¬ 
hibition  and  explanation,  need  not  be  ropcatcd  here.  Tho 
idea  occurred  to  mo  in  tho  spring  of  1877,  mid,  according  as  I 
could  got  loistiro,  I  gavo  my  attention  to  preparing  tho  few  exhibi¬ 
tion  machines  which  were  placed  before  tho  public  in  1878,  and 
thon  universally  recognized  by  scientific  mon  and  every  ono  elso 
as  an  nbsoluto  novelty.  Tlieso  machines,  of  course,  exemplified 
only  a  small  part  of  the  capacity  of  tho  phonograph.  I  wns  liurd 
at  work  describing  and  noting  down  the  various  parts  of  tho  ina- 
chino  as  it  would  appear  when  porfootod,  and  making  drawings  of 
them  in  various  forms. 

As  it  was  impossiblo  to  drop  my  work  and  sit  down  to  toll  tho 
public  what  I  was  doing  every  day,  I  noted  briefly  in  my  North 
American  Review  article  of  May-Jnno,  1878,somo  of  tho  tilings 
which  I  proposed  to  accomplish.  Tho  details  of  tho  olcctric  light 
and  othor  inventions  afterwards  absorbed  much  of  my  timo  and 
attention.  My  laboratory  wns  convortcd  into  a  factory  in  order  to 
supply  the  demand  for  tho  electric  light,  and  my  progress  in  car¬ 
rying  out  my  ideas  about  tho  phonograph,  though  continuous, 
was  necessarily  retarded.  For  months  pnst,  liowovor,  I  linvo  had 
a  special  factory  in  operation,  producing  tho  component  parts  of 
tlio  perfected  phonograph,  so  us  to  bring  the  machino  within  tho 
reach  of  the  publio  in  tho  form  which  I  originally  designed  it  to 
take. 


["The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


044  '  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

It  may  bo  of  interest,  hero,  to  contrast  briefly  the  perfected 
phonograph  with  the  more  exhibition  models  shown,  all  over  the 
world,  in  1878.  Those  models  woro  largo,  heavy  machines  which 
purposely  sacrificed  distinctness  of  nrtioulution,  in  order  to  sootiro 
a  loud  tone  which  oouhl  be  heard  in  a  largo  room  whon  omitted 
through  a  funnel-shaped  transmitter.  Tin-foil  was  used  as  the 
material  on  which  tlio  indentations  woro  to  be  made.  The  cylin¬ 
ders  woro  rovolvcd  by  hand,  or  by  clock-work ;  and  thoro  woro 
numerous  otiiordotails  of  construction  which  differed  from  those 
of  tho  instrument  us  now  completed.  At  that  time  I  bad  mndo 
various  designs  for  a  special  kind  of  electric  motor,  differing  from 
all  otliors,  to  run  tho  macliino,  in  plaeo  of  clock-work ;  and  tho 
phonograph  as  wo  now  mannfuoturo  it  is  provided  with  such  n 
motor,  which  turns  tho  cylinder  noisolessly,  uniformly  and  easily. 
Instead  of  tin-foil,  I  now  uso  a  cylinder  of  wax  for  receiving  tho 
record  of  sound-pulsations,  as  in  tho  original  experiment.  One 


THE  PERFECTED  PHONOGRAPH. 
may  bo  sot  at  that  point  on  tho  wax  ns  soon  ns  you  w 
oil  tho  record.  Another  voty  handy  attachment  suj 
for  suspending  tho  reproduction  of  sounds  whon  it  is  j 
rapidly  for  tho  copyist  who  is  writing  it  out.  A  socon 
pressed  down,  will  run  tho  reproducer  back  so  ns  to 
thing  which  line  not  boon  clearly  understood,  and  this  i 
any  desired  numbor  of  times. 

A  sin  do  wax  oylindor,  or  blank,  may  bo  usod  fo: 
twenty  successive  records  boforo  it  is  worn  out.  But  if 
is  to  bo  kopt,  the  wax  blank  must  not  bo  talked  upon  a 
simply  slipped  off  from  tho  motnl  oylindor  and  filed  awn' 
reference.  It  may  bo  fitted  on  to  tho  oylindor  again  a 
and  will  at  onco  nttor  wlmtovor  has  boon  registered  < 
of  thoso  wax  blanks  will  ropent  its  c 
with  undiminished  dearness.  Further,  wo  uro  nblo  I 


[  The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


TEE  NORTE  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

intonations  !  Wo  nro  in  n  position  to  obtain  results  of 
t,  by  tho  present  phonograph,  from  the  wave-motions  of 
so  that  it  soeins  to  me  wo  realize  hero  tho  “  poetry  of 
•  in  u  new  sense,  coinbinoil  with  tho  science  of  motion, 
ly  article  ton  years  ago,  I  enumerated  among  tho  uses  to 
lio  phonograph  would  bo  applied  :  1.  Letter  writing  and 
s  of  dictation  without  the  aid  of  a  stenographer.  2.  Pho¬ 
to  books,  which  would  speak  to  blind  pcop'o  without 
i  thoir  part.  3.  Tho  teaching  of  elocution.  1.  Repro¬ 
of  musio.  5.  Tho  “  Family  Record  ” — a  registry  of  say- 
minisccnccs,  etc.,  by  members  of  a  family,  in  their  own 
md  of  tho  last  words  of  dying  persons.  0.  Musio  boxes 
i.  7.  Clocks  that  should  announce  in  articuluto  speech 
i  for  going  homo,  going  to  meals,  etc.  8.  Tho  presorva- 
langungcs,  by  oxaet  reproduction  of  tho  mnnnor  of  pro- 
h.  0.  Educational  purposes  ;  such  as  preserving  tho  ox- 


TEE  PERFECTED  PEONOORAPE.  0 

form.  In  teaching  tlio  correct  pronunciation  of  English,  a 
especially  of  foreign  languages,  tho  phonograph  ns  it  stands  see: 
to  bo  boyond  comparison,  for  no  system  of  phonetic  spelling  o 
convoy  to  tho  pupil  tho  pronunciation  of  a  good  English,  Prone 
Gorman  or  Spanish  speakor  so  well  us  a  nmchino  that  roprodm 
his  utterance  even  more  exactly  than  a  human  imitator  could. 

Tho  speeches  of  orators,  tho  discourses  of  clorgymon,  can 
had  “ou  tap,”  in  ovory  liouso  that  owns  a  phonograph.  It  won 
not  be  vory  surprising  if,  a  few  yours  hence,  phonographio  nov 
paper  bulletins  should  bo  issued  on  wax  cylinders.  Even  now, 
soon  as  tho  phonograph  comes  into  gonornl  uso,  uowspapor  i 
porters  and  correspondents  can  talk  their  matter  into  tho  phoii 
graph,  cither  in  tho  editorial  oflico  or  at  somo  distant  point,  by 
telephone  wire  connected  with  a  phonograph  m  tho  coinposin 
room,  so  that  tho  communication  may  bo  sot  up  in  typo  witho 


["The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


in  Now  York  way  bo  placed  on  anotlior  maohino  of  tho  samo 
pattern  in  China,  and  sponk  oxactly  ns  it  was  spokon  to  on  this 
continent.  Enoh  wax  blank  will  roooiyo  from  800  to  1,000  words; 
and  of  oourso  several  blanks  may  bo  nsod  for  one  documont,  if 
needed.  'Dub  uniform  size  and  pattern  make  the  thing  perfectly 
practicable  in  ofliccs  which  have  business  connections  ail  over  the 
globe.  My  private  seorotary  to-day  speaks  all  letters  into  a  phono¬ 
graph,  from  which  they  are  taken  off  by  a  type-writer  or  ordinary 
long-hand  writor,  with  an  immense  saving  of  timo  and  troublo. 
Porsons  having  a  largo  correspondence  can  talk  all  tlioir  letters 
into  tlio  phonograph  in  a  very  short  timo,  and  leave  thorn  to  bo 
listoned  to  and  copied  by  an  assistant,  without  the  delay  involved 
in  stenography  or  the  trouble  of  going  over  and  correcting  tlio 
copyist’s  work,  which  is  almost  inevitable  under  the  conditions 
of  dictation  now  prevailing. 

Furthermore,  two  business  men,  conferring  together,  can  talk 
into  tlio  rccordor  by  means  of  a  donblo  transmitting  tube,  with 
porfcct  privacy,  and  yet  obtain  upon  the  oylindor  an  unimpeacha¬ 
ble  transcript  of  their  conversation  ill  their  own  voices,  with  every 
break  nnd  pause,  ovory  hesitation  or  confident  affirmation,  every 
partial  suggestion  or  particular  explanation,  infallibly  sot  down  in 
tlio  wax. 

They  can  tlion  linvo  this  conversation  written  out  or  typed 
by  a  secretary,  for  future  reference;  or  can,  if  tlioy  prefor, 
linvo  it  multiple-copied  by  our  mechanical  process.  In  this  way, 
many  misunderstandings  may  boavoided.  Interesting  philosophic 
or  literary  discussions  and  dialogues  may  bo  recorded  in  the  samo 
way.  In  fact,  tlio  phonograph  will  do,  nnd  does  at  this  momont 
accomplish,  tlio  samo  thing  in  respect  of  conversation  which  in¬ 
stantaneous  photography  does  for  moving  objects ;  that  is,  it  will 
present  whatever  it  records  with  a  minute  accuracy  unattained  by 


THE  PERFECTED  PHONOGRAPH.  04a 

instantaneous  photograph,  what  uttitudes  nro  takon  by  tho  horse 
in  motion. 

Lottora  of  introduction  may  bo  Bpokon  on  to  a  phonograph 
blank,  without  any  of  the  formality  of  address  and  phraseology 
now  customary,  or  tho  troublo  of  folding,  enveloping  and  address- 
nig  a  written  communication.  In  fact  all  oorrospondonco  will  be 
greatly  simplified  and  wisely  abbreviated  by  tlio  use  of  phono¬ 
grams.  A  telephone  subscriber  can  plnco  at  his  tolophono  n  pho¬ 
nogram  which  will  announce  to  tho  exchange,  whenever  lie  is 
oallod  up,  that  ho  has  loft  tlio  oillco  and  will  return  at  a  certain 
timo.  Similarly,  ouo  man  calling  at  tho  office  of  anotlior  nnd  not 
finding  him,  will  talk  into  tlio  phonograph  anything  he  wishes  to 
say.  This  saves  tho  troublo  of  writing  a  note,  nnd  obviates  tho 
uncertainty  of  giving  to  dork,  offioo  boy  or  sorvnnt  an  oral  mes¬ 
sage  that  may  bo  forgotten  or  inoorrcotly  delivered.  Hotels  and 
clubs  will,  naturally,  find  this  function  of  tho  phonograph  ox- 
tremoly  serviceable;  nnd  their  guests,  or  patrons,  will  avail  them¬ 
selves  of  phonograms  constantly.  Tho  accuracy  of  interviews 
with  nowspnpor  reporters  will  also  bo  determined,  no  doubt,  by 
phonographic  record.  And  travelers  in  vestibule  trains  will  bo 
glad  to  use  phonograph  blanks  in  place  of  letter  paper  and  tele- 
graph  blanks,  owing  to  tho  difficulty  of  writing  while  on  a  rapidly 
moving  train.  1  J 

It  must  bo  borno  in  mind  that  I  am  not  talking  now  of  things 
which  may  bo  ffiado  possiblo  in  tho  future.  I  did  my  predicting 
ton  years  ago ;  and  tho  functions  above  mentioned  are  tlioso  wiiioli 
Uio  present  perfected  phonograph  is  nblo  to  fulfill  at  this  moment 
To  uso  tho  phonograph,  n  littlo  instruction  and  practioo  are 
needed,  but  much  less  tl.an  tho  type-writer  requires  and  hardly 
more  than  tho  training  needed  for  tlio  operation  of  nsowing- 
macluno.  6 

Various  other  uses  for  which  tho  phonograph  is  now  fully,  ripe 
might  bo  mentioned ;  but  I  do  not  want  to  give  to  these  memo¬ 
randa  tho  character  of  a  catalogue.  Enough  lias  boon  said,  I 


["The  Perfected  Phonograph."  North  American  Review  146  (June  1888):  641-650.] 


THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 


them.  It  will  become  an  important  factor  in  education  j  and  it 
mil  teach  ns  to  bo  careful  what  wo  say— for  it  impartB  to  us  the 
gift  of  hearing  oursolvcs  as  others  hoar  ns— exerting  thus  a  deoid- 
cdly  moral  inAuonco  by  making  mon  brief,  businesslike  and 
i  nrxvnv  ms  -1 — .  find  uniting  distant 


«M*MvuHugimprovea  manners,  nndur 
friends  and  associates  by  direct  vocal  communication. 

Thomas  A.  Edison. 


["Mr.  Edison  and  His  Phonograph:  To  the  Editor."  Washington  Star  (Januaiy  24,  1889).] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


THE  DANGERS  OF  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING. 

1IY  THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 


So  much  1ms  of  Into  boon  said  nml  written  upon  tbo  subject 
of  high-tension  electric  currents  nnd  their  probttblo  or  possiblo 
•  danger  to  human  life,  nnd  so  many  dilloront  opinions  huvo  boon 
advanced  by  men. whoso  positious  sorvo  to  surround  their  uttor- 
nucos  with  an  ntmosphoro  .of  knowledge  of  the  matter  under  dis¬ 
cussion,  that  tiio  mind  of  an  unscientific  public  1ms  been  uimblo 
to  conio  to  any  dofmito  conclusion  upon  the  basis  of  *•  oxport  ” 
testimony.  It  is  most  uufortunnto  that  a  practical  demonstration 
in  support  of  tho  real  fuclB  of  tiio  caso  could  not  have  boon  made 
•in  n  loss  tmgio  ninnnor  than  was  wituessed  a  fow  days  ago  in  Mow 
York  by  soveral  thousaud  pooplo ;  and  yot  if  ttio  martyrdom  of 
this  poor  victim  results  in  tho  application  of  stringent  measures 
for  tiio  protection  of  lifo  in  tho  future,  it  tho  lesson  taught  is  ap¬ 
preciated  to  tiio  fall  oxtont  of  its  fatal  manning,  tiio  sacriGco  will 
not  lmvo  been  niado  in  vain.  With  the  increase  of  olcctrio  light¬ 
ing  (which  to-day  is  used  only  to  a  vary  limited  oxtont  ns  com¬ 
pared  with  its  iuovitnblo  futuro  use)  and  the  multiplication  of 
wires,  those dangera  which  oxist  now  in n  thousand  different  parts 
of  tho  city  will  bo  manifolded  many  times.  In  fact,  the  oppor¬ 
tunities  for  repetitions  of  tiio  uccidont  referred  to  abovo  will  be 
practically  unlimited. 

I  can  writo  upon  this  subject  only  ns  ono  convinced.  I  can¬ 
not  discuss  it  otherwise.  Tiio  public  would  scarcely  be  interested 
in  tho  details  lending  up  to  tho  position  taken  by  myself  nml  tho 
conclusions  to  which  1  lmvo  come,  for  the  reason  that  it  would 
iuvolvo  u  moss  of  matter  bucIi  as  they  hnro  been  iiltonipting  to 
digost  during  suvoral  months  past ;  and,  instead  of  explaining,  I 
might  succeed  onlyin  adding  to  tho  prosonl  confusion  of  popular 
idoas.  But  I  may  say  that  I  hnro  not  fuiled  to  seek  practical 
demonstration  in  support  of  bucIi  facts  as  lmvo  buou  developed, 

VOL.  OXMX.— NO.  306.  40 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


620  i  ;  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

,  1  h“T®.  takon  life— not  human  lifo— in  tho  belief  and  full 

'  consciousness  that  tho  oud  justified  tho  means.  ’  1: 

‘  The  ourronts  used  for  elcotrio  lighting  at  tho  presont  timo 
may  generally  bo  divided  into  four  classes  .- 

First — Tlio  low-tonsion  continuous  current,  with  a  pressure 
not  exceeding  200  volts,  used  for  incandescont  lighting. 

Second— Tho  high-tension  continuous  current,  witli  a  press- 
nro  of  2,000  volts  and  ovor. 

Third— Tho  high-tension  somi-continuous  current,  with  a 
pressuro  of  2,000  volts  and  ovor. 

.  Fourth— Tho  alternating  curront,  with  a  pressuro  from  1,000 
to  3,000  volts  and  ovor. 

Tho  first  is  harmless,  and  can  bo  passed  through  tho  human 
body  without  producing  uncomfortablo  sonsations.  Tho  second  is 
dangerous  to  lifo.  Momontary  contact  with  a  conductor  of  tho 
third  results  in  paralysis  or  death,  ns  lias  frequently  occurred ; 
and  tho  passage  of  tho  fourth,  or  alternating,  current  through 
any  living  body  means  instantaneous  death. 

Those  aro  simplo  facts  which  cannot  bo  disproved.  Tboro  is 
a  record  of  nearly  ono  hundred  deaths,  which  furnishes  an  unan¬ 
swerable  argutnont  in  support  of  these  statements.  Discussion 
and  controversy  may  sorvo  tho  questionable  purposo  of  dolnying 
popular  faith  in  them,  but  thoy  cannot  olmngo  thorn  ;  and  tho 
sooner  thoy  aro  accopted  and  acted  upon  tho  less  liability  will 
thoro  bo  of  a  rocurrcnco  of  tho  late  horror,  which  is  still  fresh  in 
tho  minds  of  all  thoso  who  witnessed  or  reud  of  it. 

It  has  ofton  boon  asked  why  tho  numbor  of  accidonts  of  this 
nature  is  lnrgor  in  the  city  of  Now  York  than  in  any  othor  city. 
Tho  reason  is  that  Now  York  has  a  groator  numbor  of  wires  to 
tho  square  milo  than  any  othor  city  in  tho  United  States.  Tho  ' 
percentage  of  deaths  in  other  places  will  reach  that  of  Now  York 
itfhon  wires  aro  strung  in  liko  numbers  ;  but  if  olectrio  lighting 
under  its  presont  conditions  oxtonds  in  tho  lattor  city  proportion¬ 
ately,  its  death-rate  will  havo  beon  greatly  multiplied  by  tho 
timo  othor  oitios  reach  its  presont  high  porcontago. 

Many  suggestions  linvo  beon  made  ns  to  tho  best  way  in  whioh 
to  remedy  tho  oxisting  ovil,  and  tho  popular  ory  seoms  to  bo, 

‘‘  Put  tho  wires  underground.”  But,  instead  of  diminishing,  this 
will  increase  tho  dnngor  to  life  and  proporty.  Thoro  is  no  known 
insulation  which  will  coufluo  thoso  high-tcusion  currents  for  more 


THE  DANGERS  OF  ELECTRIC  LIGHTING.  627 
than  a  limited  period,  and  when  thoy  are  placed  beneath  tho 
.  ground,  with  tho  present  systora  of  conduits,  tho  result  will  bo  a 
sorios  of  carth-contnots,  tho  fusion  of  wires,  and  tho  formation  of 
powerful  electric  arcs,  whioh  will  oxtond  to  othor  motallic  con¬ 
ductors  iu  tho  same  conduit,  and  a  wliolo  mass  of  wires  mndo  to 
receive  this  dangorous  curront  and  convoy  it  into  houses,  ofiices, 
stores,  etc.  It  is  thus  ovidont  that  tho  dangers  of  such  circuits 
.  arc  not  confined  to  tlio  wires  which  oonvoy  tho  high-tension  cur¬ 
rents,  but  other  wires  conducting  harmless  currents  are  liable  to 
bo  rendered  ns  deadly  in  effect  ns  tho  former.  It  is  ovidont,  also, 
that  a  singlo  wire  carrying  a  current  at  high  pressure  would  bo 
a  constant  momico  to  thosafotyof  all  other  wires  in  tho  same  con- 
.duit.  Even  though  thesodangorous  wires  bopluced  iu  soparato tubes 
in  tho  sumo  conduit  with  othor  tubes,  tlio  risk  is  not  diminished. 

Several  instances  aro  on  record,  and  ono  I  linvo  particu¬ 
larly  in  mind,  showing  tho  possibility  of  serious  accident  through 
tho  crossing  of  wires.  Near  tho  corner  of  William  and  Wall 
Streets,  Now  York,  tho  underground  conductors  of  tho  Edison 
Illuminating  Compuny  bocumo  crossed,  and  tho  current  which 
was  passing  through  thorn  at  a  pressuro  of  only  ouo  hundred  and 
:  ton  volts  molted  not  only  tho  wires,  but  sovoral  foot  of  iron 
tubing  in  which  thoy  wore  incased,  and  reduced  tho  paving-stones 
within  a  nidius  of  threo  or  four  foot  to  a  moltou  mass.  This  sys- 
..  tom  is  so  arranged  that  consumers  aro  not  affected  by  such  ucci- 
„  donts  ns  this.  Thoy  may  and  do  moan  oxponso  to  tho  company, 
but  tho  public  aro  ontiroly  freo  from  any  possibility  of  danger. 
Tho  crossing  of  wires  iu  this  way  moans  tlm  concentration  of  ■ 
sovoral  hundred  horse-power  of  onorgy  in  u  small  space.  What 
would  linvo  boon  tho  effect  of  such  across  ns  I  havo  described  had 
tho  pressure  boon  two  thousand  instead  of  ono  hundred  and 
ton  volts?  and  what  also  might  bo  tho  effect  were  it  to  occur 
in  a  conduit  in  closo  proximity  to  hundreds  of  telephone  wires 
and  thoso  of  othor  oloctrio-lighting  systoms  ?  Tlio  risk,  too,  is 
greatly  increased  by  tho  fact  that  consumers  who  are  supplied 
with  curreiits  from  a  low-tonsion  systom  are  accustomed  to 
handle  their  olootncal  appliances  freely,  knowing  them  to  bo 
harmless.  If  thoso  are  to  bo  rendered  at  nny  moment  dangorous 
to  life,  tho  result  will  bo  appalling.  I  sny  nothing  of  tho  injust¬ 
ice  to  vondors  of  harmless  supplies  of  electricity. 

So  fur,  tho  deaths  which  havo  occurred  from  this  sourco  lrnvo 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


.  ®'028  .  .  ^'THB'NORTIIAiiERICA^REVIEW. 

^eotrii-ligh’tfng^na  'telo- 
giaph  companies— moil  whoso  duties  have  required  .them  to  work 
.m  oloso  proximity  to  tho  oonduotors  of  those  death-dealing  cur- 
ronts.  It  is  truo  that  a  number  of '  accidents,  mimy  of  tliom  at¬ 
tended  with  fatal  results,  haro  occurred  to  pedestrians  on  tho  streots 
of  how  York  and  othor  cities  through  tho  medium  of  fullon  wires  • 
but  tho  risk  incurred  by  thogonornl  public  with  tho  proso'nt  system 
is  really  loss  tlmii  it  would  ho  if  these  dangerous  conductors  woro 
.  P,nccl‘  >“  closer  proximity  to  tho  ground.  As  tho  cartli  is  ap¬ 
proached  tlm  danger  is  multiplied.  Tho  connection  and  crossing  ' 

.  of  tuo  wires  hyaline  of  moisturo  or  liquid  contact  aro  just  ns 
B  V°  “,3.th°  ooutuot  ??  ono  wire  with  onothor  when  ovorhoatl. 

!. mt  ““s. error  of  judgment  is  uot'  confined  to  tho  public,  but 
IS  shared  in  by  tlm  officials  of  tho  city  of  Now  York,  is  mudo  ap- 
parent  by  a  resolution  of  the  Mayor  oilcrcd  at  a  meeting  of  tlm 
Boaid  of  Electrical  Control  on  .Monday,  OotoherH,  and  which  is 
reported  in  tho  following  form  : 

The  logical  info'ronco  horods  that  tho  lives  if  tho  pcoplo  will  bo 
salons  soon  ns  tho  wires  have  been  placed  underground.  If  a 
jutro-glycorino  factory  wero  being 'operated  in  tlm  'city  of  New 
York  and  tlm  pcoplo  desired  to  remove  tlm  dangor,  no  ono  would 
suggest  puttmg  it  underground.  When  it  bccamo  necessary  for 
tho  protection  of  employees  and  of  tlm  public  to  regulate  boiler- 
pressures  in  tlm  city,  tho  authorities  proceeded  on  lines  entirely 
different  from  those  winch  are  being  followed  in  connection  with 
electrical  pressures  ;  and  yet  tlm  eases  arc  parallel,  and  the  course 
•  „f  ?',S0""'S  *'“oh  1,1  n  perfect  system  for  tho  limitation 

of  steam-pressure  and  tho  periodical  inspection  of  boilers  should 
be  retraced,  and  tho  principle  applied  to  secure  safety  from  a  ' 
pressure  which,  uncontrolled  as  at  present,  is  far  more  dangerous 
than  tlm  former  was  boforo  steps  were  tuken  to  rondcr  it  harmless. 

Iho  insulation  of  a  wiro  carrying  a  high-tension  current  in  tlm 
mos  porfoct  ninnnor  known  mny  insuro  temporary  safety;  but 
t  mo  is  bound  to  dovolop  defects  as  tlm  result  of  tho  action  of  tlm 
ourront  upon  tlm  insulating  material,  of  a  change  in  tlm  molecu¬ 
lar  structure  of  tlm  material  itself,  and  for  ether  reasons.  The  • 


THE  DANGERS  OF  ELECTRIC  iilOHTiNG.  '029 
'pulsation's  'or  vibrations  in' an  oleotrio'  conductor  ‘eaiis'o  corre¬ 
sponding  vibrations  in  tho  insulation.  '  So  pbworful  is  this  offeot 
that  tlm  insulation  givos  off  n  sound  corresponding  to  tho  oscilla¬ 
tion  of  tho  ourront.  So  long  os  tho  insulation  retains  its  originnl 
elasticity,  tho  ourront  is  confinod  ;  but  tho  influonce  of  the  air,  or 
of  gas  and  othor  ngonts,  tends  to  cliango  tho  elasticity,  and  tho 
billions  of  vibrations  to  which  it  1ms  boon  subjected  finally  render 
it  vory  suscoptiblo  of  being  piorccd  by  a  spark  of  static  olectricity. 
jThusanavonuo  for  tlm  ingress  of  moisturo  is  formed, not  only  in  ono 
spot,  but  in  many,  through  which  tho  ourront  may  bo  communi¬ 
cated  to  any  conductor  of  oloctrioity  near  onough  to  ninko  physi¬ 
cal  contact,  or  a  oirouit  mny  bo  coinplctod  botwcon  tho  two  by  a 
'.lino  of  moisturo  or  tlm  formation  of  an  olootric  arc,  ivitlUts  sub-. 
1  soquont  destructive  action. 

The  numerous  nccidonts  which  linvo  occurred  in  tlm  oity 
of  Now  York  during  tho  past  year  show  to  a  vory  largo  extent  tho 
operation  of  timo  upon  tho  insulating  material  which  surrounds 
tlmso  wires.  Wlion  first  erected,  tho  current  was  to  a  certain  ox- 
tput  successfully  confined  ;  but  tho  air  is  doing  its  work,  abra¬ 
sions  aro  moro  easily  made,  and,  without  tho  adoption  of  genuiuo 
‘  methods  of  control,  "  accidents”  may  bo  looked  for  in  lnrgor 
numbors  ns  timo  goes  on,  duo  not  only  to  deterioration  of  insula- 
( tion,  but  to  tlm  multiplying  of  electric  circuits  to  supply  tho 
populur  domnnd  for  olcctric  light. 

Tlm  public  may  rest  absolutely  assured  that  safety  will  not  bo 
secured  by  burying  tlmso  wires.  Tim  condensation  of  moisturo, 
tlm  ingress  of  water,  tho  dissolving  infliionco  of  coal  gas  and  air- 
oxidation  upon  tlm  various  insulating  compounds  will  result  only 
in  tho  transfer  of  deaths  to  man-holes,  houses,  stores,  and  offices, 
through  tlm  agency  of  tlm  telephone,  tho  low-pressuro  systems, 
and  tho  apparatus  of  tho  liigh-tension  current  itself. 

I  linvo  no  intention,  and  I  am  suro  nono  will  license  me,  of 
being  an  alarmist.  When  tho  possibilities  of  tlm  future  nro 
viewed  in  tlio  light  of  recont  developments,  it  must  bo  nppnront 
to  ovory  ono  that  tho  timo  has  como  when  tlioso  in  authority 
should  adopt  propor  and  adequate  measures  for  the  protection  of 
lifo  and  property,  and  my  familiarity  with  tlm  subject  enables  mo 
to  soo  very  clearly  tho  only  trim  romody  which  can  bo  nppliod — 
namely,  tlio  regulation  of  oleotrioal  pressures.  Once  tlmso  press¬ 
ures  aro  reduced  to  a  point  which  is  harmless,  tho  public  may  re- 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


830  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW.  . 

•  tiro  in  security  and  ioavo  electricians  to  discuss  "tho*  morits  or' 
demerits  o £  various  mothods  of  insulating,  tho  defects  of  which 
will  only  concern  those  'interested  in  the  commorco  of  olcctricity. 

•  "Thoro  is  ho  plea  which  will  justify  tho  usoof  high-tonsion  and 
alternating  currents,  oither  in  a  scientific  or  a  commercial  sense. 
Tlioy  are  employed  solely  to  rcduco  investment  in  coppor  wire 
and  real  estate.  For.  instance,  in  aro-lighting  it  is  customary  to 
put  forty  lamps  on  oaoli  circuit  j  each  lamp  requires  a  pressnro  of 
fifty  volts;  therefore  tho  total  pressure  on  tho  circuit  is  two 
thousand  volts.'  Now,  if,  instead  of  using  only  oho  wiro  for  all 
theso  lamps,  four  circuits  of  ton  lamps  each  wero  to  bo  established, 
tho  pressure  oh  each  wiro  would  bo  only  five  .hundred  volts. 
Tho  weight  of  coppor  necessary  for  those  four  circuits  of  ton  lamps 
each  would  bo  two  and  a  half  times  greater  than  for  one  circuit  of 
forty  lamps — a  question,  as  I  linvo  said,  simply  of  investment. 

.  Tho  alternating  current  under  high  pressure  and  direct-cur¬ 
rent  liigh-prossuro  systoms  are  also  employed,  as  I  have  intimated, 
to  savo  investment  in  real  cstuto  as  well  as  copper.  If  a  certain 
district  is  to  bo  supplied  with  electrio  light,  tho  natural  point  from ' 
which  tho  current  should  bo  distributed. is  tho  centre,  with  wires  ..  *, 
radiating  toward  tho  circumforohco'of  tho  circlo  of  suppfy  ;uand'  ^ 
if,  instead  of  including  in  any  ono  of  theso  districts  an  area  so 
largo  that  resort  must  bo  had  to  high  pressure  in  order  to  reach  . 
its  limits,  tho  distributing  power  of  a  single  station  bo  confined  to  •„ 
a  capacity  consistent  with  safety,  and  other  contrcs  Bought  from’ ' ' 
which  to  furnish  current  to  other  areas,  the  necessity  for  high 
oloctrical  pressure  vanishes.  But  real  cstato  in  sucli  centres  as 
theso  is  oxponsivo,  and  tho  promoters  of  olcctric-lighting  enter¬ 
prises  which  spring  into  existence  with  tho  growth  and  stability 
of  tho  mushroom,  cannot  aftord  to  considor  permanency,  the 
security  of  tho  public,  tho  requirements  of  small  consumers,  or 
any  such  questions,  which  would  incidentally  involvo  tho  invest¬ 
ment  of  latgor  sums  of  money  ;  but,  scoking  the  outskirts  of  a  dis¬ 
trict,  whore  land  is  cheap,  or  some  abandoned  building  nva'ilable 
for  sheltering  a  few  dynamo  machines,  tlioy  run  small  wires  to 
tho  area  of  supply,  enormous  pressure  boing  necessary  to  forco  the 
current  through  theso  small  conductors  over  such  long  distances. 

In  tho  last  issue  of  The  Electrical  World,  page  254,  is  recorded 
a  series  of  oxporimonts  conducted  by  M.  d'Arsonval,  a  niomber 
of  tho  French  Academy  of  Sciences,  showing  “tho  effects  of 


THE  DANGERS  OF  ELECTRIO  LIGHTING.  681 


continuous  and  alternating  currents  on  animals.”  Ho  says':  “A 
living  boing  is,  abovo  all,  sonsiblo  to  a  variablo  state  of  tho  cur¬ 
rent,  from  which  it  follows  that  at  a  moan  equal  pressure  altor- 
noting  currents  are  more  dangerous  than  continuous  currents”;  and 
“with  abattory  of  four  hundred  and  twenty  volts  (continuous 
current)  death  is  only  caused  by  long-repeated  interruptions  of  the 
ourrent.”  In  othor  words,  tho  continuous  current  of  tho  abovo 
pressure  could  not  bo  mndo  to  cause  death  until  it  was  interrupted 
or  mado  discontinuous— or  perhaps  a  hotter  expression  would  bo 
semi-continuous.  By  a  variable  stato  of  tho  current  is  meant  a 
fluctuation  of  pressure  botwoen  different  extremes  of  voltago. 
Tho  human  norvo-systom,  up  to  a  certain  limit  of  pressure, 
cannot  dotoct  tho  flow  of  a  continuous  current  if  tho 
voltago  bo 'porfcotly  constant.  This  constancy  iB  obtained 
by  multiplying  tho  number  of  commutator  bnrs  on  tho 
dynamo.  The  brushes  which  aro  sot  upon  tho  revolving 
commutator,  and  conduct  tho  current  from  tho  machine  to  tho 
outside  systom,  rest  alternately  upon  tho  different  bars  of  tho 
commutator.  Tho  greater  tho  number  of  bnrs,  tho  loss  will  bo  tho 
fluctution  of  tho  ourront,  which  maybe  likened  to  a  wave-motion, 
rising  and  falling,  and  producing  that  variablo  stato  referred  to 
by  tho  French  scientist. 

Nearly  all  dynamo  machines  used  for  arc-lighting  nre  con¬ 
structed  with  nu  insufficient  number  of  commutator  bars  to  pro¬ 
duce  a  steady  continuous  current.  Tho  ranges  of  variablo 
pressure  are  not,  however,  nearly  as  groat  as  in  tho  alternating 
Bystem.  With  respect  to  tho  latter,  SI.  d’Arsonval  says:  “An 
alternating  Granuno  machine  caused  death  when  abovo  one 
hundred  and  twenty  volts  mean  potential.”  This  is  a  small  unit 
to  contomplato  after  tho  glib  manner  in  which  it  has  beourcccntly 
stated  that  this  current  is  harmless  at  a  pressure  of  ono  thousand 
volts.  I  liavo  inysolf  seen  a  largo  healthy  dog  killed  instantly  by 
tho  alternating  current  at  a  pressnro  of  ono  hundred  and  sixty- 
eight  volts.  It  is  a  simple  matter  to  calculate  tho  ranges  of  vari¬ 
able  pressure  in  this  system.  Tho  dynamo  mnehino  has  no  com¬ 
mutator.  Tho  armature  or  “  bobbin”  is  wound  in  such  a  way 
that  tho  wholo  of  tho  current  under  a  pressure,  say,  of  two 
thousand  volts,  is  Bout  out  on  tho  wiro  first  in  ono  direction,  then 
is  reversed  and  sont  out  at  tho  same  pressure  in  tho  othor  direction, 
or  passes  through  tho  wiro  in  tho  opposito  direction;  and  theso 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


,682  TflE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW. 

fovorsals  tiro  generally  mado  abouta  hundred  timos  in  oaoh  sec- 

OIl<K  ,t  .  „:-i.  . y 

li  >  Bt“to  of  a  continuous curront  at  a  pressure  of  two 

thousand  volts  means  ordinarily  a  risofrom  zero  point  up  to  two 
thousand,  aftorwhioh,  owing  to  the  action  of  tho  commutator;  it 
varies  botwoon,  say,  sovontoon  hundred  and  two  thousand,  while 
tho  variable  stato  of  tho  alternating  current  means  a  fluctuation 
from  two  thousand  volts  abovo  tho  zero  point  to  two  thousand 
bolow  it,  or  a  difforotico  of  four  thousand  volts.  Tho  dan¬ 
ger  to  lifo  is  probably  proportionate  to  tho  fluctuation  of  press- . . 

nros.  When  an  altoruuting  current  of  fifteen  volts  is  applied  to 
a  human  being  in  tho.  most  effeotivo  manner,  tho  offoot  upon  tho 
norvo  system  is  so  violont  and  tho  pain  produced  so  great  that 

it  is  absolutely  impossible  for  any  ono  to  stand  it.  . . • 

As  I  have  said  before,  tho  only  way  in  which  safety  can  bo 
Bccurcd  is  to  restrict  electrical  pressures.  Tho  continuous  oitr- 
ront  should  bo  limited  to  six  hundred  or  sevon  hundred  volts, 
with  a  variable  rango  not  exceeding  a  few  volts.  As  for  tho 
alternating  current,  it  is  difficult  for  mo  to  namo  a  safo  pressure 
Its  effect  upon  muscular  action  is  so  great  that  oven  at  oxceod- 
lngly  low  voltago  tho  hand,  which  grasps  a  conductor  cannot  freo 
itself,  and  it  is  quito  possiblo  that  in  this  way  tho  sensitive 
nervous  system  of  a  human  being  could  bo  shocked  for  a  suffii 
ciont  length  of  timo  to  produco  death.  Tho  olootric-lightiiig 
company  with  which  I. am  connected  purchased  some  time  n-o 
tho  patents  for  a  complete  alternating  system,  and  my  protest 
against  this  notion  can  bo  found  upon  its  minute-book.  Up  to 
the  present  timo  I  linvo  succeedod  in  inducing  thorn  not  to  offor 
this  system  to  tho  public,  nor  will  they  over  do  so  with  my 
consent.  My  personal  dcsiro  would  bo  to  prohibit  entirely 
tho  uso  of  alternating  currents.  Thoy  are  ns  unnecessary  as  they 
are  dangerous.  In  tho  city  of  Now  York  there  are  many  miles 
of  conductors  beneath  tho  streets  cduvoying  a  harmless  continuous 
electric  current  to  thousands  of  consumers,  tho  maximum  pressure 
on  this  vast  systom  never  oxcccding  two  hundred  and  twenty 
volts,  which  will  forco  so  weak  a  current  through  tho  human 
body  that  it  can  barely  bo  dotootod.  Furthermore,  it  is  found  to 
bo  commercially  successful,  and  I  enu  thoroforo  seo  no  justiflca 
tion  for  tho  introduction  of  a  system  which  has  no  olomont  of  • 
porm  anonoy  and  ovory  olomont  of  danger  to  lifo  and  property. 


im,- 


THE  DANGERS  OF  ELECTRIC  EIQBTINO.  (533 
This  is  no  argument  in  favor  of  monopoly;  If  ovor  tboi*j«{bbo 
a  monopoly  of  oleotrio  lighting  in  the  United  States,  it  will  bo 
moithor  dolayod,.  provonted,  nor  circumnavigated  by  suoh  subter¬ 
fuges  as  thoso  alternating  systoms,  and  their  uso  cannot  bo  justi¬ 
fied  on  that  sooro.  I  havo  always  consistently  opposed  high-ten- 
.sion  and  alternating  systems  of  olootrio  lighting  (although  per¬ 
fectly  freo  to  uso  thorn),  not  only  on  account  of  dangor,  but 
becauso  of  tlioir  gonoral  unreliability  and  unsuitability  for  anv 
genornl  systom  of  distribution. 

•  1,1  contemplating  tho  efforts  of  tho  officials  of  tho  city  of  Now 
lork  to  remedy  tho  evils  connected  with  olcctric  lighting,  I  havo 
boon  impressed  in  a  way  which  must  havo  impressed  other  on¬ 
lookers.'  I  refer  to  tho  apparent  difficulty  of  determining  whoro 
tho  authority  to  tnko  action  rests.  Tho  hands  of  thoso  who  wish 
to  act  appear  to  bo  tied,  which  is  unfortunate,  considering  tho 
exigencies  and  urgency  of  tho  case.  In  England  thoy  handlo 
those  matters  bettor.  Tho  Eloctrio-Lighting  Act  of  18S2  pro¬ 
vides  in  section  0 


This  snmo  section  also  provides  that 


Iluis  to  a  responsible  body  is  givou  discretionary  power  for  tho 
protection  of  tho  public,  and  local  authorities  (by  which  is  meant 
any  municipality)  havo  tho  right  to  apply  to  this  board  for  reliof 
from  any  danger  which  thoy  boliovo  to  exist  in  connection  with 
electric-lighting  systoms.  Certainly  tho  responsibility  for  tho 
protection  of  tho  pooplo  of  our  city  should  bo  as  definitely  placed, 
and  thoso  to  whom  such  authority  is  given  should  adopt  rigid 
rules  for  tho  restriction  of  oloctricnl  pressures.  Perhaps  polico 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Dangers  of  Electric  Lighting."  North  American  Review  149  (November  1889):  625-634.] 


031  ^  '  THE  NORTH  AMERICAN  REVIEW.  ;  '  - 

opnlvoi  would  bo  oven  nioro  adoquato  ’than  tho‘  'English  system.  ,  T‘ 

I  nm  not  altogothor  familiar  with  tho  details  of  tlio  systoin  of  ■  ■  '  • 

boiler  inspection  which  provuils  in  Now  York,  but  I  believe  it  is 
.  -  very  oirieiont  and  would  servo  ns  an  oxoollont  model  for  tho  caso 
undor  discussion.  *  '  '•  - •  ••*  •  a;.. 

When  tho  authorities  require  electrical  pressures  to  be  kopt  i ; ..  . 
within  tho  limits  of  snfoty,  and  when  thoro  is  an  efficient  corps 
of  inspectors,  ns  in  the  cnso  of  boilors,  toseo  that  the  rules  adopt- 
°d  nro  carriod  out,  the  security  which  tho  public  demand  will  ’  ; 

bo  attained;  but  until  then  nothing  hotter  can  bo  looked  for  than  T 
a  multiplication  of  the  pnsunltios  of  tho  past  fow  months.  1  '» ' 

I"-.'  .-  V,  f  i.  t  I^J  f  1 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17.  Presented  to  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


lf[CEl(TRATiOI(;OF 


JOHN  B  IRK- 1  N  BIN  !e| 
THOMAS  A.  EDISON, 


THE  COECEETJIATION  OF 


IT  IUIiKINWNE,  I'HII.ADKr.l’tllA,  I 


The  Tranmdions  already  contain  many 
subject  of  ore-concentration,  but  with  refer 
merit  of  other  ores  than  tliose  of  iron. 

In  this  country  much  money,  labor  and 
voted  to  the  enrichment  of  iron-ores  by  roas 
and  carbonic  acid,  eliminate  water,  or  mal 
and  by  washing  and  screening  to  remove 
earthy  ores.  In  concentrating  magnetites 
been  done  than  is  generally  believed ;  but,  i 
up  to  tlie  present  time  have  not  been  eneoui 
so  many  attempts  have  proved  unsatisfuc 
concentration,  is  now  unjustly  looked. up 
problem  presented  to  individual  ininesmiusl 
with  caution. 

For  many  years  the  magnetites  of  the  Adirondack  region  of  New 
York  State  have  been  roasted,  reduced  to  proper  size  by  means  of 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[•'The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine. 
American  Institiite  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (Februaiy  1889;  pub.  1889V 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


Transactions  of  the 
1-17.  Presented  to  the 


l 


1  THE  CONCENTRATION  OP  IRON-ORE. 

proved  unsuccessful,  but  the  parties  who  constructed  it  are  reported 
to  luive  lost  little  money,  owing  to  the  fuct  tliut  otliors  stood  ready 
to  pay  them  a  good  bonus  for  the  privilege  of  hnnd-piokiug  the 
dump-pile  at  a  fixed  into  per  ton  of  ore  won.  This  dump-pile, 
which  is  now  being  hand-sorted,  is  estimated  to  contain  2,000,000  tons 
of  ora  and  rook.  There  wore  separated  from  this  mass  in  1888  some 
21,000  Ions  of  merchantable  ore,  which,  after  paying  30  cents  roy¬ 
alty  and  51.86  freight,  netted  tlio  operators  a  profit  of  60  cents  a 
ton.  The  Bessemer  ore  ns  shipped  yielded  62  per  cent,  of  iron. 
About  two-thirds  of  it  was  specular,  and  one-third  magnetic.  The 
contractors  expeot  to  ship  >10,000  tons  from  this  pilo  in  1889,  and  it 
is  estimated  that  an  equal  quantity  can  be  obtained  for  ten  years  to 
come.  A  similar  plan  of  cobbing  the  dump-piles  iB  in  operation  in 
other, Marquette  mines  also.  Nearly  30,000  tons  of  hand-picked 
ore  have  been  shipped  in  the  last  three  years  by  one  company 
formed  for  tlmt  purpose. 

These  statements  and  others  which  immediately  follow  are  offered 
to  indicate  that  the  importance  of  re-working  dump-piles  is  becom- 
ing  appreciated.  By  reason  either  of  imperfections  in  the  earlier 
operation,  or  ol  the  impracticability  of  careful  sorting  underground, 
the  percentage  of  merchantable  ore  in  the  dump-piles  in  mnny  mines 
represents  a  very  serious  loss  to  the  operator. 

At  the  Champion  mine,  in  the  Marquette  region,  hand  separation 
bus  been  carried  on  lor  some  time,  but  within  the  lust  eighteen 
months  a  complete  ojatein  has  been  adopted  which  is  giving  very 
satisfactory  results.*  The  ore  us  raised  from  the  mine  is  either  No. 
1,  No.  2,  dump,  rock,  or  waste.  The  No.  1  ore  is  mine-sorted,  and 
must  be  absolutely  clean,  usually  carrying  06.6  per  cent,  or  more  of. 
iron.  No.  2  ore  varies  from  63.6  to  66.6  per  cent,  of  iron.  The 
remainder  ol  the  ore  is  carried  to  sorting-floors,  and  dumped  into  a 
series  ol  stalls,  the  rock  and  waste  going  directly  to  the  rock-  and 
waste-piles.  In  each  of  these  stalls  two  men  and  a/  boy  have  two 
wrought-iron  cars,  into  which  the  ore  is  carefully  spread  by  n  shovel, 
and  the  various  grades  are  picked  out  by  hand.  Some  of  this  ore 
sorted  from  the  stalls  is  No.  1  “  Champion,’’  some  is  No.  2  «  Chelsen,” 
and  two  inferior  grades  are  also  produced  :  No.  3,  “  Suffolk,”  car¬ 
rying  60.00  to  63.6  per  cent,  of  iron,  and.  No.  4,  “  Norfolk,”  yield¬ 
ing  57.0  to  60.0  per  cent.  To  indicate  how  closo  this  hand-sepnrution 


'  THE  CONCENTRATION  OF  IRON-ORE.  3 

maybe  made,  wo  may  oite  two  cargoes,  sold  as  “Norfolk  ”,  grado, 

,  to  yield  57  .per  cent,  of  iron. .  The  actual  sampling  of  the  ore 
after  delivery  showed  for  the  two  cargoes  67.09  and  67.12  re¬ 
spectively. 

In  six  months,  July  1st  to  December  31st,  1888,  about  43,000 
tons  of  material  were  thus  hand-sorted,  tlio  percentages  of  the  vurious 
grades  being  as  follows i  No.  1,  17  per  cent.;  No.  2,  ,11  per  cent.; 
No.  3,  31  per  cent,  j  No.  4,  16  per  cent,  j  rook,  which  Includes 
everything  below  tlio  “  Norfolk  ”  grado,  26  per  cent.  The  quantity 
of  material  handled  per  man  per  day  is  approximately  seven  gross 
tons,  from  wlffcli  about  five  gross  tons  of  ore  are  selected  at  an  aver¬ 
age  cost  of  38.6  cents  per  ton  for  lubor.  The  price  paid  per  ton  of 
selected  ore  varies  according  to  grade.  The  averago  rate  of  wages 
paid  per  day  during  tlio  time  above  mentioned  was  $1.76. 

The  perfection  of  the  system  of  hand-sorting  is  due  to  the  plan  of 
.organization,  and  also  to  the  thorough  inspection  by  skilled  assist¬ 
ants,  whose  compensation  is  made  up  by  assessing  the  various  con¬ 
tractors  in  proportion  to  the  amounts  of  ore  they  deliver.  An  ex¬ 
periment  in  magnetic  separation  is  about  being  tried  at  this  mine. 

At  the  Iron  Mountain,  Missouri,  wot  concentration  is  now  in  use, 
but  up  to  the  present  time  no  reduction  in  the  size  of  the  ore  is  mudo 
by  crushers  or  other  means,  the  practice  being  lo  hydraulic  the 
dump-piles  or  wash  the  earthy  material  from  the  ore,  size  it  in 
soreons,  and  pass  it  through  jigs  arranged  for  each  size  of  mate¬ 
rial.  A  detailed  description  of  the  method  pursued  appears  in  the 
Journal  of  the  United  Slates  Association  of  Charcoal  Iron.  Workers,  . 
vol.  viii.  p.  38. 

At  the  magnetite  mines  in  Putnam  county,  New  York,  there  are 
two  concentrating  plants,  one  consisting  of  crushers,  rolls  aiul 
plunger-jigs,*  which  is  now  being  altered  so  as  to  separate  the  ore  by 
magnetism,  and  a  new  plant  in  which  tlio  ore  is  reduced  by  Bull 
stamps,  washed,  and  passed  through  rotary-jigs.  It  is  understood 
that  a  magnetic  separator  also  will  bo  added  to  this  plant. 

At  present  tlio  largest  producer  of  separated  ore  is  the  Chateaugay 
Ore  and  Iron  Company,  which  at  its  mines  in  Clinton  county,  New 
York,  crushes  the  leaner  material  obtained  in  mining,  and  treats  if 
by  water-jigs,  tlio  produot  being  a  regular  portion  of  the  ore  mix¬ 
ture  of  some  of  our  prominent  eastern  blast-furnaces  making  Bes¬ 
semer  pig.  That  the  material  produced  is  satisfactory  has  been 


«  Described  by  Mr.  A.  I'\  'Wendt,  JW,  xiii.,  36. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[.The.  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (Februaiy  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17  Presented  to  the 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York]  '  Presented  to  the 


1  VliJS  CON  (JENTU  ATI  ON  01-'  IUON-OUK, 

deinonstridcd  by  Mr.  E.  S,  Moffat,"  who  1ms  used  M  high  uaB0  ,)or 
cent,  of  his  ore  burden  of  Chntcaugay  separated  oro,  and  each  year  ■ 
Ims  increased  the  consumption.  lie  kindly  supplies  the  following 
figures  as  the  amount  of  separated  oro  used  at  the  furnaces  of  the 
Lackawanna  Irou  unci  Coni’ Company,  at  Scranton,  ]»a. 


“  1888,  . 


Mr.  A.  L.  Tnman,  general  manager  of  the  Chatcaugay  Oro  and 
J ron  Company,  supplies  the  following  data : 

“  Prior  to  1886  wo  made  separated  ore  in  a  comparatively  small 
way,  which  was  used  in  the  production  of  blooms,  but  in  1886  we 
.™...n.(.„chl  its  production  with  more  vigor,  making,  in  1886,  23  885 
tons;  in  1887,  47,32*1  tons;  and  in  1888,  54,048  tons.” 

These  figures  indicate  that  a  market  is  being  found  lor  (his  finely 
comminuted  ore.  The  holes  in  the  screens  at  the  separating  plant 
ol  tliu  Chatcaugay  Ore  mid  Iron  Company,  at  Lyon  Mountain,  New 
l  ork,  are/irof  an  inch  in  diameter,  but  necessarily  a  largo  portion 
ol  the  material  is  much  Ilnur.  A  hund-trial  of  the  crushed  ore 
before  it  passed  to  the  jigs  showed  the  average  to  be  30  mesh;  of 
thu  total  amount  only  14  per  cent,  by  weight  remained  on  a  4-inesh 
sieve,  and  leas  than  onc-lmlf  of  the  entire  material  -was  hold  in  a 
screen  of  16  meshes  to  the  inch,  while  8.3  per  cent,  passed  through 
100  or  tiller  mesh  screens. 

It  may  naturally  be  expected  that  as  a  rule  blast-furnace  managers 
will  object  to  the  lino  material,  but  it  is  questionable  whether  many 

. . . .  iJ  successfully  in  thu  blast-furnace  are  not  ns  finely 

i.  -the  softer  hematites,  which  may  be 

. . . “I  undoubtedly  uro  speedily  converted  into 

sand  by  drying  out  in  the  shaft  of  the  blast-furnace. 

These  soil  ores  are  much  esteemed  by  the  bhist-furiiaeu  managers  of 
tbo  Northwest,  and  where  the  desire  is  to  drive  a  furnace,  the  lump 

11  11  liscnrded  for  this  fine  tc  I  heroforo,  indepen- 

tjpnt ly  oi  thu  character  of  the  ore,  we  may  question  whether  its  finely 
divided  state  should  not  commend  rather  than  condemn  it  for  blasl- 
lurnacu  use. 

In  crushing  any  ore  a  considerable  amount  of  lines  is  invariably 
"Hide  which  pass  into  the  furnace.  As  to  the  cllect  of  the  separated 
ore  III  thu  blast-furnace,  Mr.  Moffat  wrote  on  September  1st,  1888: 


divided  as  separated  o 


TUB  CONOENTHATION  OF  IRON-OIIU,  g 

'  rr  ‘‘,Myra°XPer,ien^  h“  be0"  olliefly  "’ith  concentrated  Chatcaugay 
(Lake  Champlain)  ore,  and  wo  have  had  so  little  trouble  with  it  that 
I  feel  almost  justified  in  saying  that  I  do  not  know  of  any  dillieul- 
ties  ni  its  use  up  to  say  50  per  cent,  of  the  ore  mixture,  which  is  tl.o 
most  I  have  tried.  1' or  tho  past  two  months  (Juno  and  July)  wo 
liuvo  boon  running  tl.e  four  Scranton  blastfurnaces,  whioh  are  in 
opera  '0"  o„  *  concentrated  Chatcaugay  ore.  They  have  woilcd 
just  as  well  as  when  we  ware  using  ordinary  furnace  ores,  no  increase 
of  pressure,  no1  irregularities,  and  no  trouble  of  any  kind.  A  few 
{lays  since  the  quantity  of  concentrated  oro  in  use  on  our  No  T  fur 
mice  (73  feet  high  X  20  feet  bosh),  was  doubled,  running  it  up 
to  5-of  the  ore  ohargo.  ,  The  only  other  change  made  was  a  slight 
.  decrease  of  limestone;  the  speed  of  the  blowing-engines  and  all 
other  conditions  being  kept  the  same  as  before.  I  rather  expected 
some  increase  of  pressure  at  the  tuyeres,  but  such  has  not  been  tl.e 
case  ,ll,e  furnace  was  working  well  before  the  change  was  made, 
and  luui  worked  just  as  well  since.  The  fuel  used  is  \  coke' and  l 
Lackawanna  anthracite  coal.  ■ 

“During  1887  we  ran  our  No.  5  furnace  (70  feet  X  19  feet)  for 
several  weeks  on  a  ‘burden/  of  which  50  per  cent,  was  concentrated 
Cl  ateaugay  ore.  When  we  made  this  trial  I  anticipated  a  consider¬ 
able  increase  in  pressure  of  blast,  and  in  order  to  meet  this  increased 
the  proportion  of  coke  to  one-third.  1  altorwards  concluded  that 
tins  "loreaso  of  coke  was  unnecessary,  as  the  pressure  of  the  blast 
went  down  considerably.  The  furnace  worked  well  on  50  per  cent, 
concentrated  ore  and  showed  no  peculiarities. 

“None  of  the  concentrated  Ohatcaugay  oro  is  coarser  than  wlmt 
will  pass  through  a  quartor-inoh  hole,  and  most  of  it  very  niiioh 
liner.  As  diderent  blast-furnaces  work  differently,  I  would  n 
mend  parties  commencing  the  use  of  concentrated  magnetitu  to  tr 
a  Small  proportion  at  first,  say  ^  and  then  gradually  increase.”* 
Interesting  data  concerning  the  operation  of  the  plant  at  Lyoi 
mountain,  ..hero  this  oro  was  prepared,  analyses,  etc.,  arc  found  in 
a  carefully  written  and  valuable  paper  by  Messrs.  Maynard  and 
JCunhurdt  m  tho  School  of  Mines  Quarterly,  vol.  ix.,  No.  2 ;  and  a 
full  description  of  tho  plant  was  presented  in  a  paper  by  Mr.  Fred 
S.  •lluttinan,  “Concentrating  Magnetite  will,  the  Conkling  Jig  at 
Lyon  Mountain,  New  York”  (7 hint.,  xvi.,  609). 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17  Presented  to  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.]  '  Presented  to  the 


T,!E  CONCENTRATION  OP  IRON-OItE. 

,,  0™“h(inS  8^“ ;»  described  in  a  paper  upon  the 

m,  Syst0ln  °f  1,11,0  Crushing ”  ('JYdns.,  xvi.,  763).  by  Mr. 
Theodore  A.  Blake,  who  gives  the  cost  of  crushing  and  sizing  tlni 
oio  at  J4  cents  per  toil  of  crude  material. 

In  nil  systems  of  concentration  the  co.mniin.tion  and  sizing  of 
hu  material  to  lie  treated  aro  of  primary  importance;  and  although 
the  various  methods  will  not  be  discussed  in  this  paper,  it  may  ho 
remarked  that  tlio degree oftineness  to  which  an  orowill  booruslicd 
tor  separation,  and  the  special  machinery  employed,  is  affected, 

1st.  By  tlie  she  of  the  grains  or  crystals  in  the  crude  ore. 

2d.  By  the  f  eg  alter  vl  el  s  to  bo  cl  tinted,  and  Is 
physical  condition. 

3d  By  tlie  purpose  for  which  the  concentrate  is  to  ho  used 
■Jtli.  By  tlie  condition  of  tlie  ore  and  the  method  employed  for 
-separation.  * 

If  the  ore  to  bo  treated  is  a  magnetite  with  large  crystuls,  or  if 
the  object  of  separation  is  to  romovosilicoous  material  only,  a  censor 
Si/.".g  can  be  employed  than  in  other  cases ;  fur  practically,  complete 
elimination  of  silica  is  not  at  present  essential,  and  in  some  ores  a 
system  ol  mechanical  sorting  or  cobbing,  treating  pieces  from  fist  to 
walnut  size,  may  be  practicable.  It;  however,  the  ore  is  dense  and 
the  crystallisation  or  granulation  fine,  or  if  apatite  is  to  be  removed, 
tile  reduction  ol  size  must  be  carried  further,  so'  as  to  sopamte,  as  fi.r 
as  practicable,  each  particle  of  magnetite  from  ti.e  other  materials. 
Ill  dophosphorizntion  by  mechanical  means  a  few  hundredths  of  one 
1  0‘  I  .oallllol'll»  'Vl11  determine  whether  the  ore  will  bo 

c  "  . “"‘“jjj0  ui  the  Bessemer  limit,  ami  lienee  influence  its 

The  extent  to  which  an  ore  is  to  bo  crushed  will  also  ho  influenced 
uj  t lie  ilomaiKl  tor  certain  sizes  or  by  the  objection  to  others. 

1  he  condition  of  tlie  crude  ore  will  materially  inlhionce  tlie 
machinery  to  bo  employed,  a  dry  or  a  thoroughly  wet  oro  being 
hmistmc  tllU"  °110  'vhi°h  is  dnl,1I’  or  partially  saturated  with 

siicImim  ovimT'^' '8|  n|lj0,,t/0  !;°  1D,U,U  ,B  emailing  ore,  heated' to 
such  an  extent  IIS  is  believed  will  cause  ti.e  minerals  composing  it  to 
weaken  on  their  cleavage  planes,  thus  facilitating  the  granulation. 

J  lie  problem,  therefore,  is  to  bo  determined  specially  for  each  oro 
1111  1  fl  0  tly  tl  ;  t  ul  f  f  or  | 

whether  jaw,  rotative  or  centrifugal,  or  the  combination  of  crushes, 


!  stamps  or  rolls,  and  the  system  of  sizing  must  lie  suoli  us  to  meet 
the  particular  case  under  consideration.* 

In  a  test  made  at  tlie  Edison  Laboratory  of  Snmson  (Humboldt, 
Hinli.)  inagnetio  ore  wluoh  had  passed  through  shuking  screens  of 
20  meshes  to  the  me!.,  tlie  quantities  stated  below  were  refused 
uy  sieves  ot  the  v  o  cle  gve  PI  s  ore  was  reduced  bv 
the  Gates  crusher  and  Cornish  rolls.  ^ 


A  test  made  by  Mr.  W.  II.  Hotrman  at  Bayonne,  New  Joi 
on  Croton  magnet, o  oro  reduced  by  a  Sturtevant  mill,  gave  the 
lowing  proportions  of  sizing: 


ogniph  on  ll,o  “DrcsshigorNon-IicssemorOres"  by  Messrs  M, 

th0  a,,l,ject  "*  1,r“o,u  ***£ 1 
iJing  Iho  course  sizing  this  nmlerinl  opproxinmloil  m,  evemgo 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine. 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February  1889;  pub.  1889): 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


Transactions  of  the 
1-17.  Presented  to  the 


thr  concentration  op  iron-ore. 

Magnetic  Concentration. 

At  present,  much  attention  is' devoted  to  the  concentration  of 
iron-ores  by  means  pf  magnetism,  a  method  which,  in  view  of  the 
dates  and  nnmbern.of  patents  already  issued,  cannot  lay  claim  to. 
novelty,  j  |,o  patents  issued  by  the  United  Stales  Patent  Office 
appear  to  cover  nearly  every  form  of  apparatus,  hut  new  designs  are 
being  rapidly  added.  b 

Tlie  earlier  inventions  were  adapted  for  separating  iron  from  brass 
a  id  other  (.lings  in  mach.no-worhs,  clo.,  and  also  for  the  removal 
v.  A  ttC  11)1  ‘  hC|  r  10  80,110  of  ‘ho  magnetites 

New  i  ork  and  New  Jersey  were  also  made  upwards  of  twenty 
years  ago,  an  1  ex,  eume  t  1  vo  It  was  done  in  separating  the  mag- 
notio  i ron-sands  of  the  St.  Lawrence  river  and  Long  Island  Sound. 

1  ho.  various  inventions  for  separating  iron-ores  by  magnetism 
may  bo  grouped  „„der  two  general  heads,  viz. :  those  which  have 
permanent  magnets  and  those  which  have  a  fixed  or  an  alternating 
current  of  electricity  passed  through  magnets  from  a  dynamo.  These 
groups  may  again  he  classified  into  such  as  receive  the  ore  on  tallies 
or  belts  "’Inch  pass  under  or  over,  or  which  are  traversed  by  mag¬ 
nets  j  those  which  consist  of  magnetic  rolls  or  drums  cither  receiving 
„  '"'e  0,1 ‘ll011' surface  revolving  over  the  ore;  and  those  which 
>)  magnetic  influence  draw  the  magnetic  portion  from  a  falling 
mass,  a  (Cling  its  trajectory  so  as  to  separate  it  from  the  gang.io 
material,  limy  may  be  further  subdivided  into  those  which  treat 
the  ore  dry  and  those  which  immerse  the  material  for  concentration 
in  water. 

While  in  some  ores  a  concentration  answering  most  economical 
purposes  may  be  readily  made,  the  physical  structure  of  the  ore 
prevents  a  more  perfect  separation.  In  one  Now  York  magnetite, 
a  microscopic  examination,  which  Mr.  E.  IC.  Landis  made,  of  the 
ore  alter  it  passed  the  crushers,  rolls  and  screens,  proved  tlint,  how¬ 
ever  fine  the  gram,  it  in  many  cases  consisted  of  pieces  about  rJ,  of 
an  me,  m  dinmetor,  showing,  under  the  microscope,  magnetite,  ' 
magnetic  pyrites,  quartz,  and  sometimes  hornblende. 

J)r.  JCugono  Ilussuk,  in  his  monograph  on  “The  Determination  ' 
ol  Lock-1' orming  Minerals,’'  says:  “If  several  ferriferous  mineral 
species  occur  m i  the  rook  to  be  examined,  c.y.,  magnetite,  il.nenito, 
b  motile,  olivine,  etc.,  they  can  be  separated  from  each  other  by 
varying  the  8l.,-.,gth  of  the  ourrcnl  passing  through  the  electro¬ 
magnet.  At  first,  two  elements  are  used,  then  four,  six,  eight,  and 
"a  y  t011’  D00'10*’  shown  that  the  minerals  can  bo  arranged 


THR  CONCENTRATION  OP  inON-ORE.  9 

in  a  series  according  to  their  different  powers  of  being  attracted.” 
He  gives  thirty-three  minerals  and  indicates  their  order  of  attrnot- 
ability  by  magnets. 

Dana  suites  that  magnetite  is  strongly  magnetio  and  sometimes  pos¬ 
sesses  polarity,  and  that  from  the  normal  proportions  of  one  part  of 
lfeO  to  one  FoaOs  there  is  occasionally  a  wide  variation,  and  thus  a 
gradual  passage  to  the  sesquioxido  Fa,0,.  Ho  instances  analyses ' 
from  Bengal,  India,  in  wliioli  the  proportion  of  FcaOa  to  FeO  was 
nearly  three  to  ono,  in  an  ore  wliioli  was  strongly  magnetio  and 
columnar,  while  another  ore  from  llm  same  locality,  in  wliioli  tho 
proportion  of  Fe.,0,  to  FeO  was  throe  and  a  quarter  to  ono,  was 
granular  and  not  polar  magnetic.  Ho  also  says  that  hematite  is 
sometimes  attracted  by  a  magnet  and,  occasionally,  even  magneti- 
polur.  Martito,  wliioli  is  supposed  to  be  a  psoudoinorph,  mostly 
alter  magnetite,  is  reported  ns  lion-magnetio  or  only  feebly  so,  and 
nioiiiiccanite  as  slightly  intlueiioing  the  magnetio  needle, 

The  presence,  therefore,  of  certain  of  tlieso  minerals  will  mate¬ 
rially  afi'ect  the  results  obtained,  as  we  naturally  look  for  a  bettor  ‘ 
separation  when  tlie  material  in  tho  gaiiguo  is  but  slightly  attracted 
by  tlie  magnet  or  practically  insensible  to  its  influence. 

Mr.  JCllis  Clurk,  Jr.  {Trims.,  ix.,  451),  describes  a  magnetic  sepa¬ 
rator  in  use  at  Pribram,  Bohemia,  in  which  zinc-blende  is  separated 
from  spathic  iron-ore,  previously  roasted  to  make  it  magnetic,  and 
reduced  to  grains  less  limn  one  mm.  (probably  25-mcsh). 

The  writer  knows  of  at  least  ten  forms  of  magnetic  ore-soparntore 
witli  which  experiments  are  now  being  made,  and  five  of  these 
may  be  considered  us  having  been  operated  on  a  commercial  scale. 

In  view  of  the  experimental  state  of  some  of  the  apparatus  and 
the  fact  tliut  the  patents  for  certain  features  are  now  ponding,  it  is 
impossible  at  this  time  to  attempt  a  description  of  any,  except  such 
as  have  been  operated  on  a  scale  approximating  commercial  utiliza¬ 
tion.  Hence,  but  four  general  forms  will  be  considered. 

About  eight  years  ago  attention  was  drawn  to  magnetio  separation 
by  the  treatment  of  some  of  the  sea-sands  upon  our  consts,  by  pass¬ 
ing  the  material  between  rolls,  the  adjacent  portions  of  which  woro 
in  n  magnetic  field,  while  the  opposite  parts  were  without  this  field. 
The  iron  rolls  revolved  on  journals  carried  on  insulated  standards 
wound  with  copper  wire.  By  connecting  these  wires  witli  a  battery 
(latterly  with  dynamos)  tlie  standards  'became  olectro-inngnctio  of 
opposite  polarity  and  tlie  rolls  were  ohnrgcd  thereby',  making  a 
magnetio  field  between  tho  rolls.  Tho  ore  being  fed  on  tlie  rolls 
wliioli  revolved  toward  each  other,  was  carried  around  the  magnetio 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


on  ?5-  *  ?  co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 

American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (Februaiy  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17  Presented  to  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.]  '  ntCd  t0  the 


]0  the  concentration  op  iron-ore. 

I  rlo  nil  er  g  t.l  it  |  ispc!  beyond  tl  o  magnetic' influence, 
wlule  tho  non-mngnetio  purtieles  dropped  between  the  rolls. 

II, o  iluclmimn  separator,  which  consisted  or  suoli  n  pair  of  rolls 
and  n  largo  liorsc-slioe  magnet  properly  wound,  as  shown  in  outline, 
? Ifc'-  t;  wnf  °">l>Ioyed  in  soiwrating  magnetite  from  the  lino  sea-sand 
.  rom  the  shores  of  Long  Island  Sound,  and  an  extensive  plant  wns 
sont  to  Now  Zealand,  where  the  Son-Band  carries  a  remarkable  amount 
ol  finely  comminuted  magnetite.  ■ 

A  pair  of  these  rolls  lias  lately  boon  oporntod  at  the  Croton  mag¬ 
netite  mines,  near  Brewster,  N.  Y,  by  tho  Messrs.  Chccver,  to 
preparo  concentrates  from  the  wusto-pilcs  of  loan  ore.  The  ore  a 


dense  magnetite,  is  reduced  by  jaw-crushers  and  Cornish  rolls  so  as 
to  pass  through  lG-mcsh  soroens.  Average  analyses,  made  by  E.  1C. 
Landis,  of  the  lean  ore  left  on  the  waste-piles,  show  the  general 
composition  of  the  crude'  ore,  and  tho  concentrates  and  tailings 
obtained  from  tins  ore  ns  follows : 

Concentration  of  Croton  (T/icat)  Che,  N.  K,  by  Buchanan  Magnetic 


THE  CONCENTRATION  OF  IRON-ORE.  1 1 

The  inorcascd  amount  of  sulphur  in  tho  eonccnlmlos,  is  probably 
duo  to  tho  pyrile  boing  mngnotie. 

Somo  years  ago,  tho  rcduoiiig-plnnl  was  operated  to  prepare  ore 
for  plunger-jigs,  and  the  results  obtained  were  ns  follows: 

Concentration  of  Croton  {Thai)  ore  by  Plunger  .Tigs. 

Crude  Ore :  Pino  Jigs.  Con  re  o  .IIr*. 

Metallic  Iron . . . .......30.48  30.48 


mcuuuc  iron . . . 14.31  22.10 

Another  maohino  consists  of  a  single  roll  witli  alternate  strips  of 
mngnotie  and  non-mngnctic  material  forming  its  periphery. 

The  Wenstrom  magnetic  separator,  which  is  of  Swedish  origin,* 
lias  a  stationary  field  magnet  and  nil  armature  barrel  consisting  of  a 
number  of  soli,  iron  bare,  separated  from  one  another  by  n  non¬ 
magnetic  material — in  this  case  strips  of  wood.  Tho  whole  is  bound 
together  by  non-magnetio  end-rings.  The  bins  are  cutaway  nllur- 


natciy  on  the  inside  to  mako  one  bar  project  only  towards  the  north 
poles  of  the  magnet  and  tho  next  only  to  the  south  poles.  This 
gives  each  succeeding  bar  opposite  magnetism.  On  each  of  the 
four  sections  of  the  mngnet  are  wound  fifteen  pounds  of  copper  wire. 
An  Ellison  dynamo  furnishes  a  ourront  of  ten  amperes  and  thirty- 
three  volts.  Tho  ore  is  fed  lo-tho  barrel  by  means  of  a  hopper,  ns 


or,"  at  pngQ  609  of  llte  present  y 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[The:  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine. 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February  1889;  pub.  18891: 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


Transactions  of  the 
1-17.  Presented  to  the 


12  THE  CONCENTRATION  OF  IRON-ORE. 

shown  in  outline,  Fig.  2,  tlio  cylinder  turning  in  the  direction  of  (lie 
nrrow.  Tlio  magnetite  adheres  to  the  bam  of  the  barrel  and  is 
carried  downward  past  tlio  first  delivory  siiuto.  Below  tlio  machine 
tlio  bars,  departing  from  tlio  influence  of  the  eleolro-ningnot,  which 
is  placed  eccentrically,  lose  their  power  to  hold  tlio  partiolos  of  mag¬ 
netic  iron-ore  and  they  drop  oif.  The  particles  of  rock  ill  the  ore 
being  non-mngiiotio,  drop  from  tlio  barrel  almost  immediately  and 
fall  on  tlio  first  sliutc  shown  in  the  engraving.  Experimental  tests 
on  tlio  WeiiBtrom  innohine  with  various  ores  gave  results  ns  follows: 

Concentrations  by  the  U'cnslrom  Magnolia  Separator. 


Bench  Ctlomi,  Now  Jersey, 


Phosphorus, 

Chntcnugny  Ore  &  Iron  Co.,  N.Y., 

PortHenry,  Now  York,  Now  lied, 
lyithorbces,  Sherninn  &  Co., 


PortHenry,  New  York,  Old  Red, 
Witlierhecs,  Shcrninn  &  Co., 


The  Con  It  ling  magnetic  separator  is  a  belt-machine  of  the  general 
tnrm  indicated  by  1' ig.  3.  which  merely  shows  the  principle  and 


Cniikting  Separator. 


not  the  detail.  Tlio  ore  is  fed  on  a  belt  and  carried  along  under  a 
series  of  belts,  running  nt  right  angles  to  the  first.  These  cross- 
bells  pnsB  between  the  magnets  and  tlio  ore  lying  on  tlio  distributing- 
belt,  and  may  bo  plnced  at  vnrying  distances  from  the  latter.  As 
tlio  ore,  reduced  to  tlio  proper  size,  posses  along  cpil  tlio  distributing- 
belt,  the  mngnetic-bclts,  which  may  be  influenced  by  magnets  of 
different  powers,  pick  up  nnd  carry  to  one  sido  the  magnetic  particles 
of  tlie  ore,  while  the  non-raagnetio  portion  of  the  gangue  is  carried 


THE  CONCENTRATION  OF  IRON-ORE.  13 

off  ns  tailings.  The  results  obtained  by  treating  some  ores  by  this 
maaliino  are  reported  ns  follows: 


Concentrations  by  the  Conkling  Magnetic  Separator. 


I.  Port  nonry,  N.  Y.,  Now  Hod,  Wlthorhecs,  Bhermnn  &  Co. 

II.  Plait  Mlno.N.J. 

III.  Mt.  Hope  Mine,  N.  .1.,  Thomas  Iron  Co. 

IV.  Lehigh  Mountain,  Pa. 

Another  machine  wliioli  has  been  operated  experimentally  on  a 
commercial  scale  is  called  the  “Monarch.”  In  this  the  ore  is  fed 
on  one  belt,  from  which  tlio  magnetic  particles  arc  picked  by  a 
second  belt  placed  above  tlio  first,  but  carrying  the  ore  in  the  same 
direction;  this  belt  is  equipped  with  magnets  or  alternate  polarity, 
to  obtain,  if  possible,  more  perfect  separation  of  the  material  as  it 
passes  the  vnrying  poles. 

Analyses  of  results  reported  from  this  machine  arc  ns  follows: 


Concentrations  by  the  Monarch  Magnetic  Separator. 


I.  Chnlcaugny  Oro  and  Iron  Co.,  N.  Y. 
II.  Llllto  Hirer,  N.  Y.  ’  - 


ill.  rorcstol  Doan,  N.  Y. 

IV.  Wlthcrbccfl,  Sherman  &  Co.,  N.  Y.,  Now  Bod. 
V.  Wilhcrbccs,  Sherman  &  Co.,  N.  Y,  Old  Bed. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[''The  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (Februaiy  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17.  Presented  to  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


TUB  CONCENTRATION  OP  IRON-ORE. 


| 


THE  CONCENTRATION  OP  IRON-ORE. 


15 


Tlio  Edison  unipolar  non-contact  oloctrio  separator  dilPera  fro  in 
the  forms  described  in  that  it  lias  no  moving  parts.  Except  such 
facilities  for  altering  the  relative  position  of  the  pai  ls  ns  are  essen¬ 
tial  for  adjustment  in  treating  different  ores,  or  are  required  to  soonre 
certain  results,  all  parts  of  the  apparatus  are  fixed.  The  separator, 
which  is  illustrated  by  Fig.  4,  consists  simply  of  a  hopper,  a  magnet 
and  a  partition  to  separate  the  concentrates  and  tailings  into 
dilforont  roccptnolos.  Tlio  illustration  shows  but  one  hopper,  but 
in  praotico  tlio  ore  can  pass  on  onoli  side  of  the  magnet,  thus  doub¬ 
ling  the  enpaoity.  Tlio  simplicity  of  tlio  construction,  which  is  the 


result  of  patient  and  thorough  investigation  of  many  diflerent  de¬ 
signs  and  methods,  will  commend  itself. 

Tlio  oro  after  being  properly  cruised  and  sized  is  placed  in  hop¬ 
pers,  from  which  its  disolmrgo  is  controlled  by  bars  closing  slots 
which  extend  tlio  iongtli  of  tlio  hopper.  These  slots  are  made 
adjustable  so  ns  to  suit  tlio  size  to  wliioli  tlio  oro  lias  been  reduced. 
Tlio  hoppers  are  adjusted  to  appropriate  heights  abovo  the  inngnet. 
The  magnet  in  tlio  apparatus  exhibited  nt  tlio  Edison  Laboratory, 
Llewellyn,  N.  J.,  is  n  moss  of  soft  iron  0  feet  long  by  30  inches 
wide  and  10  inches  thick,  weighing  3400  pounds,  and  wound  with  . 
450  po  is  of  copper  wire,  tiio  coil  being  conneoted  with  a  dynamo 


r 


consuming  2J  horse-power  and  requiring  a  current  of  electricity  of 
10  amperes  and  an  electromotive  foroo  of  116.5  volts. 

Tlie  material  falling  from  the  hopper  passes  the  fuce  of  the  mag¬ 
net,  but  docs  not  touch  it.  The  distance  of  tlio  magnet  from  the 
vertical  plane  of  the  falling  material  is  so  chosen  lliat  its  attrac¬ 
tion  causes  tlio  magnolia  to  separate  from  tlio  non-magnetio  particles 
Htillioionlly  to  alter  their  direction.  By  renson  of  tlio  force  uf  gravity, 
this  deflection  of  the  trajectory,  while  sufficient  to  draw  the  mag¬ 
netic  particles- away  from  the  non-piagnotic,  docs  not  draw  llioiii 
against  the  magnet,  but  should  any  ore  accumulate  on  the  magnet 
it  can  be  instantly  dropped  by  breaking  the  current.  The  exact 
distance,  liowover,  is  maintained  so  that  none  can  stick  to  the  magnet. 
Owing  to  the  altered  trajectory  the  magnetic  ore  falls  upon  one  sido 
of  the  partition,  which  is  so  adjusted  ns  to  secure  the  best  result 
while  the  gauguc  material  drops  upon  tile  opposite  side. 

In  many  ores  there  are  particles  of  magnetite  attached  to  sonic 
non-magnetio  ninlerial  which  prevent  them  being  carried  ovor  with 
thcconccntrntes,  lint  cause  them  to  be  drawn  sufficiently  from  tlio  verti¬ 
cal  to  separate  them  from  tlio  tailings,  or  when  tlio  stream  of  material 
permits  several  layers  to  pass  the  .magnet  simultaneously,  parti¬ 
cles  of  non-mtignetio  material  may  retard  the  movements  of  magnetic 
portions  so  that  they  do  not  pass  into  the  concentrates.  In  such 
cases  an  intermediate  grade  is  collected  called  tlio  11  mugwump,” 
because  it  is  neither  concentrates  nor  tailings.  'This  mugwump  may 
be  returned  to  tlio  hoppers  or  passed  before  a  second  magnet. 
A  scries  of  magnets  may  be  arranged  so  that  tlio  concentrates, 
mugwumps  or  tails  aro  each  subjected,  os  ill  other  machines  herein 
described,  to  repeated  magnetic  influence,  thus  insuring  more  per¬ 
fect  separation,  and  maintaining  tlio  capncity  which  isaslrong  point 
1  of  the  Edison  apparatus.  Tlio  hopper  in  the  apparatus  exhibited 
to  tlio  Institute  nt  Llewellyn  is  6  feet  wide,  and  the  quantity  of  ore 
which  can  be  treated  per  day  will  depend  upon  the  degree  of  fineness 
to  which  the  material  is  crushed,  and  tlio  widtli  to  which  the  slot  in 
the  liopper  is  opened.  Arranging  tlio  slot  to  pass  readily  Ilia  lean 
ore  from  Withcrbces,  Sherman  &-Co.’s  Now  Bed  nt  Fort  Henry,  N. 
Y.,  when  crushed  to  pass.a  10-mesh  sorccn; each  sideof  tlio  magnet 
will  separate  conveniently  about  150  tons  of  material  daily,  mak¬ 
ing  the  capacity  of  the  two-fuco  machine  300  tons  per  day. 

The  most  systematical  experimenting  upon  any  one  ore  lias  been 
made  by  Messrs.  Withcrbces,  Sliorman  &  Co.,  at  Fort  Hoary ,  N. 
Y.,  using  various  machines,  and  by  Messrs.  Clicovor  with  tile  Buoli- 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[''The.  Concentration  of  Iron-Ore."  Co-authored  by  John  Birkinbine.  Transactions  of  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  17  (February  1889;  pub.  1889):  1-17.  Presented  to  the 
American  Institute  of  Mining  Engineers  in  New  York.] 


16  TilB  CONCENTRATION  OF  IRON-ORB. 

nimn  mngnctio  rolls,  treating  the  ores  from  the  Croton  mines,  but 
a  greater  variety  of  ores  imvo  been  concentrated  by  the  Edison  uni¬ 
polar  machine,  among  which  may  be  mentioned,  Wilhorbccs,  Shop¬ 
man  it  Co.’s  Now  Bed  ore  (to  separate  the  magnetite  from  the 
siliceous  gnuguo)  and  Old  Bed  oro  at  Port  Henry,  N.  Y.  (to  rcduco 
the  amount  of  phosphorus  liy  separating  tlio  npntitc  from  tlio  mngno- 
tito) ;  tlio  Clmtcaugay  ^rc  &  Iron  Co.’s  ore,  at  Lyon  Mountain, 
N.  Y.  (to  separate  the  magnetite  from  siliceous  ganguo)  j  Messrs. 
Chccver’s  Croton  mines,  Brewster,  N.  Y.  (to  separato  tlio  mng- 
netitofrom  tlio  gangiie  and  reduce  tlio  phosphorus  and  sulphur); 
the  Cornwall  Oro  Bank  Company’s  ore,  Lebanon,  Pa.  (to  separate 
magnetite  from  silica  mid  reduce  Btilphur) ;  Mont  Alto,  Pa.  (to  separate 
small  crystals  of  mngnetito  from  a  lean  ferruginous  sand-rook); 
and  the  Phcenix  Iron  Co.’s  ore,  Jones  mine,  Berks  Co.,  Pa. 
(to  separate  tlio  gangue  from  tlio  magnetite  and  reduce  the  sulphur). 
Various  kinds  of  waste  material  from  iron  and  steel  works  have  also 
boon  treated  to  extrnot  the  metal.  With  a  modification,  the  apparatus 
ha?  been  used  in  treating  gold-ore. 

I  ho  concentrating  plant  lately  erected  at  Humboldt,  M  ichigan, 
consists  of  n  largo  Gates  rock-breaker,  into  which  the  lean  magnetite 
from  tlio  dump-pile,  yielding  40  to  45  per  cent,  of  iron,  is  fed.  Tlio 
material  from  the  crusher  passes  over  a  shaking  screen  into  a  pair 
of  16  x  30  Cornish  rolls,  and  from  these  the  crushed  ore  is  sized  in 
screens  to  20  mesh,  the  dust  blown  out  of  it,  and  tlio  product  from 
these  soreens  passes  an  Edison  magnetic  separator,  whore  the  oro  is 
conccutratcd.  .The  result  is  a  concentrate  carrying  from  G2  to  68 
per  cent,  of  iron,  and  within  the  Bessemer  limit  ns  to  phosphorus. 
As  the  plant  has  but  lately  been  put  in  operation,  the  details  of  its 
workings  cannot  bo  given.  Tlio  mugwump  mado  is  returned  by 
elevators  to  tlio  feeding  bin. 

The  following  are  some  of  the  results  obtained  in  treating  iron- 
ores  by  tiie  Edison  separator : 

Concentration  oj  New  Bed  Lean  Ore,  Port  Henry,  N.  Y.,  by 
the  Edison  Machine. 

20  mcali| !°  }  l^hoaphoriis 
B.  Crushed  to  1  Iron,  . 

lOmesli,  .  i  Phosphorus 
0.  Abovo  101  Iron,  . 
mesh, ,  .  /  Phosphorus 


TUB  CONCENTRATION  OB'  IRON-ORE.  17 


Concentration  of  Old  Bed  Ore,  Port  Henry,  N.  K.,  by 
the  Edison  Machine. 

Iron, .  60.5  00.16 

Phosphorus, .  ...  '1.77  0.41 

Iron,  .  .  .  .  .  02.0  70.00 

Phosphorus,.  ...  1.40  0.18 

Iroji .  04.20  71.20 

Phosphors .  llSO  ’  0.31 

For  'the  purpose  of  testing  the  apparatus,  ora  was  selected  with  a 
maximum  of  apatite,  and  the  phosphorus  therefore  shows  largely  in 
excess  of  tlio  average  contents  in  Port  Henry  Old  Bod  oro  ns  mined. 

It  will  be  observed  tlmt  while  a  considerable  portion  of  tlio  phos¬ 
phorus  lias  been  eliminated  it  is  still  above  the  Bessemer  limit. 
When  it  is  considered  how  quickly  a  few  stray  crystals  of  npatilo 
will  affect  the  result,  or  how  easily  particles  of  apatite  may  ho 
embraced  ns  it  wore  by  particles  of  magnetite  as  they  puss  the 
magnet,  tlio  delicacy  of  tlio  operation  of  removing  the  phosphorus 
will  bo  appreciated.  ■Experiments  now  in  progress  indicate  that  a 
more  thorough  dephosphorizution  than  given  above  will  be  ob¬ 
tained. 


Concentration  of  Croton  Ore,  N.  Y.,  by  the  Edison  Machine. 


Concentration  of  "  Jones  Ore  ”  of  Phocnir.  Iron  Co.,  by  Edison 
Machine. 


This  analysis  is  by  Voudy,  those  of  Port  Henry  ores  arc  liy 
Woodbridge,  and  those  of  Croton  ores  by  Landis. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["An  Account  of  Some  Experiments  upon  the  Application  of  Electrical  Endosmose  to  the 
Treatment  of  Gouty  Concretion."  Telegraphic  Journal  and  Electrical  Review  27  (August  22, 
1890):  213.  Presented  to  the  International  Medical  Congress  in  Berlin,  Germany.] 


gAN  ACCOUNT  OF  SOME  EXPERIMENTS  UPON 
THE  APPLICATION  OF  ELECTRICALENDOS- 
iS'.'MOSE  TO  THE  TREATMENT  OF  GOUTY  CON- 
fc '  CRETION. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON,  ol 


Shaving  ascertained  that  gouty  concretions  are  in  many 
f'casos  medically  treated  with  the  aid  of  lithinm  salts 
^  taken  internally,  with  the  object  of  causing  urato  of 
|llthium  to  he  formed,  dissolved,  and  excreted  from  the 
fbody  ;  and  being  also  informed  that  the  difficulty  met 
|  with  in  the  treatment  was  in  ensuring  that  the  salts  so 
if  administered  should  ho  absorbed  into  the  syBtem,  it 
[ioccnrred  to  me  that  perhaps  more  rapid  success  might 
jibe  obtained  if  the  application  were  made  externally, 
fc  employing  the  well  known  principle  of  electrical  endos- 
gmose  to  carry  the  lithinm  into  the  tisanes.  This  method 
|fof  operation  appeared  to  offer  considerable  hope  of 
tfsuccess,  because  the  lithinm  would  be  brought  directly 
Kinto  the  neighbourhood  of  the  concretions  and  would 
Jjthns  be  more  likely  to  act  promptly  and  effectively. 
m  Electrical  endosmose,  as  tho  name  implies,  is  that 
§.  property  of  an  electrical  onrrent  passing  through  a 
|P°i!mB  aiaph[a®m  b8tween  two  solutions,  in  virtue  of 


of  common  salt  with  the  negative  electrode.  The 
current  passed  through  him  was  i  milliampCres,  which 
was  as  mnoh  as  he  conld  conveniently  stand.  This 
treatment  was  continued  for  about  two  hours  daily 
(luring  one  week-,  the  total  time  of  application  amount¬ 
ing  to  II  hours.  His  nrino  was  collected  during  f 
week,  and  tests  were  then  applied  to  it.  Using  a  pi 


cular  spectroscope  and  method”,  it  waa  found^hat^a 
solution  containing  TIrJB,,tU  part  by  weight  of  LiCl  in 
water  was  just  dectectahlo  by  a  faint  red  band  in  the 
spectrum.  No  such  band  could  under  theso  circum¬ 
stances  be  discerned  from  the  urine  itself,  hut  a  con¬ 
densation  of  all  tho  week’s  urine  reduced  to  the  form 
of  chloride  gave  a  distinct  band.  An  evaporation  of  . 
jths  of  the  total  quantity  of  this  liquid  yielded  on 
analysis  0  22  gramme  of  lithinm  chloride,  and  it  waa 
therefore  presumed’  that  tho  whole  amount  of  salt 
^creted  wasO'SS  gratqnae, corresponding  to  0  09 gramme 


of  metallio  lithium,  or  equivalent  to  the  removal  of  2 '-13 
grammes  of  urlo  acid. 

I  next  tried  the  application  of  the  method  to  a  patient 
suffering  from  an  acute  and  typical  form  of  the  malady, 
in  December,  1889.  This  perBon  volunteered  to  try  the 
effeot  of  the  method.  He  was  73  years  of  age,  and  had 
llved.au  active  healthy  life  until  ten  years  previously, 
at  whioh  time,  according  to  his  own  statement,  he  con¬ 
tracted  the  disease  through  sleeping  in  damp  sheets. 
Concretions  commencing  continued  to  increaso  slowly 
until  they  assumed  large  proportions.  All  the  joints, 
except  the  knees,  were  mnoh  enlarged  by  atheromatouB 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Insulation."  Electrical  Engineer  14  (July  13,  1892):  34-35.] 


NSULATION.i 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON. 

illation  of  the  circuits  is  bo  vital  a  matter 
K  liislorv  repeat  itself,  and  of  recounting 
aj)ur  on  the  subject  may  lie  tolerated, 
lie  l>eKt  insulators ;  next  liquids,  and  sol- 
!lt,°n  of  gases  is  so  good  that  no  deter- 
have  been  made  of  any  leakage  through 
p  to  make  an  experiment,  at  or  near  the 
to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  gravitational 
might  be  left  for  hours  in  a  gas  without 
•ort.and  observations  then  made  to  deler- 
chargo  took  place  through  surrounding 
:i rcu instances,  the  loss,  of  clinrgo  which 
on  electrified  bodies,  cannot  readily  be 
'JSbttbe  suspension  or  support  that  holds 

icous  vapor.  Professor’ Boys  exhibited 
ety  of  London  m  April,  1889,  a  pair  of 
upended  in  moist  air  by  a  short  hook  of 
jo  appeared  to  be  about  25  per  cent,  in 
,  under  the  same  conditions,  would  have 
tppenr,  It  was  said,  within  one  minute, 
ur  fa  ce°l(  a  I- a°'1(  ^Ctfraphisls 

mi^e°  *  &  S*  wirc  18  221  8<lunro  feet! 

ch  takes  place  con  vectivcly  Into  the  air 
i  electrified  body,  is  a  phenomenon  of  a 
he  layer  of  atmosphere  over  the  point  is 
'  magnitude  of  tho  forces  brought 
and  the  particles  of  moving  air  carry 
o  a  very  high  insulation,  notably  most 
l  vegetable  oils  are  by  no  means  so  good, 

■  mil  cully  in  obtaining  them  in  a  highly 
li e  p  u *est  f|  1  \ ^t i Mod1  >re '  i  ‘ ! lnK, 1101 ' on  G*  ia 
.•r  cubic  centimetre  have  been  recorded; 


°y°r  in  the  far  north.  Sea  water  has  a  resistance  of  about 

!  30  ohniR  per  cubic  centimetre  at  6‘  C.  It  would  appear  prob. 

I  a  jhimds  cannot  conduct  without  electrolytic  decom¬ 

position.  A  microscope  will  show  that  one  microampere  decoin-.. 
|  poses  the  drop  of  water  it  traverses. 

j  One  of  the  most  important  and  promising  modemUheorics  of 
i  cnuwwtry  is  based  upon  the  assumption,  in  accordance  with  a 
;  considerable  array  of  facts,  that  solutions  only  conduct  bv  the 
i  transfer  of  atoms  or  ions  to  the  electrodes,  each*  carrying  an  elec¬ 
tric  charge,  and  the  conductivity  of  a  liquid  measures  on  this  hy¬ 
pothesis  the  number  of  uncomliined  or  dissociated  ions  permeating 
its  mass.  These  free  ions  are  the  porters  carrying  the  qlrnrge,  and 
the  conductivity  of  the  liquid  depends  upon  the  number  available 
and  the  sneed  with  which  they  can  migrate. 

Liquids,  too,  have,  as  a  class,  tho  quality  of  elastic  insulation 
to  high  tensions,  which  is  an  important  feature  to  the  electrical 
engineer.  Air  for  the  first  few  centimetres  will  break  and  allow 
“  ,sc,h,in;e  t0  occur  when  tho  pressure  reaches  from  10.0Q0 

to  .*0,000  volts  per  centimetre  (23,41)0  io  127.000  volts  pur  inch)  ac¬ 
cording  to  the  shape  and  condition  of  the  electrodes,  but  rosin  oil 
wil^o  it°rtan<  t1'  )0Ut  ^  l,UleS  *,re85W,e°f  a*r  Pcr  centimetre 
The  following  is  a  list  of  actually  observed  resistance  in  conf- 
mcrcml  samples  of  well-known  insulating  substances.  The  ic- 
pults  are  given  in  megohms  per  cubic  centimetre  at  or  near  18  ‘  C.: 


All  transparent  solids  are  insulators,  but  of  course  the  opposite 
statement  is  not  true  that  all  opaque  solids  ate  good  conductors. 
•There  is  now  good  evidence  for  believing  that  the  procers  bv 
which  light  is  propagated,  the  mechanism  by  which  it  is  trails- 
muted  through  space,  is  purely  clectromagiieliy,  and  the  mag¬ 
netic  vibrations  passing  through  a  conductor  would  generate 
electrical  currents  and  be  absorbed  in  the  substance  as  heat,  that 
energy5*’  *  W0U  d  be  optul,,B  10  the  Hght,  failing  to  transmit  the 
The  difficulty  with  solids  is  not  so  much  to  find  insulators,  for 
the  great  majority  of  solid  substances  freed  from  ir  - - 


poor  conductors,  but  to  find  an  insulation  of  suitable  mechanical 
qualities.  Glass,  porcelain  and  mica  seem  to  be  almost  the  onlv 
practically  available  insulators  that  will  '*  *  ** 

stresses  and  these  for  many  structural  pi 


practically  available  insulators  that  wili  support  considerable 
ses  and  these  for  many  structural  purposes  arc*  fur  weaker 
is  <1  cm  red.  In  American  telegraphy,  glass  is  almost  the  urn- 


west,  the  ntmosphe 

insulators  except  in  dry  weather.  Porcelain  or  vitrifieif . 

ware  insulators  are  used  instead,  and  in  quite  a  variety  of  forms. 
Practically  speaking,  the  insulation  of  a  line  is  never  that  of  tin* 
material  forming  the  insulators,  but  always  that  of  their  surfaces 
and  the  films  of  dust  and  moisture  that  may  have  become  en¬ 
crusted  thereon.  The  most  perfect  insulators  are  those  which 
have  underneath  tho  hood  a  cup  filled  with  oil  in  such  a  man¬ 
ner  that,  the  current  leaking  from  the  wire  to  the  ground  has  to 
pass  over  the  oil,  or  else  through  the  substance  of  the  insulator 
itsoir.  I  hose  insulators  are  certainly  more  expensive,  and  rcuuiro 
to  be  refilled  with  oil  at  intervals,  but  they  will  defv  weather  and 
keep  the  insulation  nearly  ns  high  in  fog  as  in  sunshine. 

when  a  long,  leaky  wire  is  opened  at  the  distant  end,  and 
tested  tor  insulation,  the  insulation  per  mile  alwavs  appears  to  b/ 
somewhat  more  Ilian  it  is  for.  any  actual  mile,  since  the  more  di$>. 
tant  portions  of  the  line  are  tested  with  a  reduced  pressure  owing 
to  the  leakage  over  the  nearer  portion.  When  the  wire  is 
grounded  at  the  far  end,  and  its  conductor  resistance  measured, 
the  leakage  will  on  tin*  other  hand  make  the  apparent  resistance 
per  mile  too  low.  But  if  the  conductor  resistance  is  reduced  in  a 
given  ratio,  say  as  100  to  97,  the  insulation  will  be  over  indicated 
in  the  exact  inverse  ratio  of  9.3  to  100,  provided  that  the  insulation 
of  the  line  is  uniform.  So  that  if  a  wire’s  conductor  resistance  at 
its  temperature  of  observation  is  known  to  ho  10  ohms  per  mile, 
mil  appears  by  leakage  over  the  whole  length  to  be  9  ohms,  then 
i  if  the  insulation  per  mile  apparently  measures  100,000  ohms,  it 
will  be  really  300,000,  and  each  mile  taken  separately  might  be 
expected  to  measure  300,000.  As  is  well  known,  telegraph  lines' 
work  belter  up  to  a  certain  point  if  the  insulation  is  rather  low. 
A  wire  has  to  be  emptied  of  its  charge  between  the  impulses  of 
flic  key  sufficiently  far  to  keep  the  relays  from  sticking.  If  the 
Ration  is  perfect,  this  quantity  luuyo^bc  cleared  through  the 
readily  at  all  points!  1  *  C*,n 

r'l  the  more  essential  goud  insulation  nerosa. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Further  Experiments  in  Fluorescence  Under  the  Cathode  Ray."  Electrical  Engineer  21 
(April  1,  1896):  340.] 

FURTHER  EXPERIMENTS  IN  FLUORESCENCE  UNDER  . 

•  THE  CATHODE  RAY.. 


l^UHTHRH  experiments  with  the  fluorescence  of  different 
chemicals  under  the  influence  of  the  X*rny  lmvc  nddod  n 
few  more  to  the  list  already  published.  The  following  fluoresce: 
Cndlnin  tungstate,  tungstate  of  slue*  llthlu  benzoate,  launatu 
lend,  carbonate  lead,  salicylate  potassium,  carbonate  silver, 
sodium  salicylate,  sodium  ctu'bonnte,  sodium  tungstate,  zinc 
acetate,  ziuc  chloride,  zinc  carbonate,  molybdate  zinc,  benzole 
acid,  malic  acid,  diplicuylnmiuc,  rutligallic  acid,  pyiidiu  ni- 


I  have  so  far  found  no  salt  iu  the  following  metals  to  fluo¬ 
resce:  Aluminum,  antimony,  arsenic,  boron,  beryllium,  bismuth, 
cerium,  chromium,  cobalt,  copper,  gold,  iridium,  magnesium, 
manganese,  nickel,  tin,  titanium. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Are  Roentgen  Ray  Phenomena  Due 
1896):  353-354.] 


to  Sound  Waves?"  Electrical  Engineer  21  (April  8, 


nil  ratios  they  worn  protected  from  Injury,  wlmn  within  tint 
geometrical  shadow,  mid  wore  shivered  when  outside  of-  the 
siime.  The  some  resells  took  placo  whether  the  bottles  wore 
lined  with  water  or  with  air. 

The  breaking  of  a  class  by  a  sudden  shock  counnunlenlod  by 

means  of  wnter  Is  a  fact  lone  known . 1  Is  Illustrated  by  the 

old  familiar  class  experiment  of  exploding  a  ‘Trlnco  ltnport 
dritii,"  while  Its  bulb  Is'plnngod  Into  an  ordinary  apothecary’s 
phial  tilled  with  water. 

"I-lx  pertinents  with  Stout  Glass  Tubes."— The  cylindrical  class 
tubes  employed  were  ahnut  six  feet  lone  and  l.ti  iuehes  In  diam¬ 
eter,  the  class  belnc  about,  an  of  an  Inch  In  thickness.  They 
were  eovered  by  pnsllne  cartrldce  paper  over  them,  so  as  to 
prevent  the  loss  of  fracments  when  brenknee  oeeurred. 

The  tubes  were  adjusted  to  a  framework  of  wood  so  arranged 

at'lhey  could  be  plunged  In  a  horizontal  noslltnn  br.no,, in  in.. 


that'lhey  could  bo  plunced  In  a  horizontal  position  beneath  the 
surface  of  the  water  behind  the  pile,  the  axis  of  the  tube  being 
at  right  angles  to  the  plane  of  Its  shadow,  and  held  there  (the 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Roentgen  Ray  Lamps  and  Other  Experiments."  Electrical  Engineer  21  (April  15,  1896):  378.] 


[  A  Card  from  Mr.  Edison:  To  the  Editor."  New  York  Journal  (April  18,  1896).] 


I'crlmcnt  Again,  wltll  ,flno..i;esiOIS._rJt.i«_V>j 
I'lipln  wo  o'vo  tlie  plioto-lluoroscopo,  naj 
not  to  merer.  THOMAS  A^EDlSOXj 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Influence  of  Temperature  on  X-Ray  Effects."  Electrical  Engineer  21  (April  22,  1896): 
409-410.] 


INFLUENCE  OF  TEMPERATURE  ON  X-RAY  EFFECTS. 


| 


nl  Ihmroseopo,  under  the  now  conditions,  the  steel  w 


ami  permits  *t  he  short' 

These  experiments  j 

From  continued  work  in  tiiis  field  I  find  that  bullis  which 
arc  spherical  at  tlto  point  where  the  maximum  fluorescence 
appears  are  Tory  liable  to  be  pierced,  not  by  the  spark,  but 
by  a  focus  of  bombardment,  resulting,  in  the  heating  to  the 
nielli ng  point  of  an  extremely  small  part  of  the  glass. 

In  most  cases,  if  the  center  of  fluorescence  is  watched,  a 


lion-fluorescent  portion  will  appear:  if  now  the  power  of  the  : 
coil  is  Increased  there  will  appear  in  (Ids  nmi-llunrcsrciit  area  ■»  ■ 
an  extremely  fine  point  which  will  grow  red  hot  and  be  forced 
-inward  by  the  atmospheric  pressure.  1  have  seen  these  spots 
eoinc  and  perforate  the  bulb  within' two  seconds.  1  find  ilia  I 
it  occurs ‘when  the  electrodes  are  perfectly  fiat,  and  ttial  it 
proceeds  nsV  thin  concent  ruled  pencil  from  the  exact  center 
coll  Is  iucivnsed  there  will  appear  in  this  lion-fluorescent,  area  . 
of  tills  concentrated  bomba  rdiiiout  Is  Increased ‘and  the  tube 
can  be  worked  at  a ’higher  power  before  heating.  Tile  best 
remedy  Is  to  permit  the  central  rn.v  to  strike  Hie  glash  at  a 
low  angle;  Ibis. greatly  Increases  the  area,  and  prevents  the 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


A  SymP°sium  °"  the  Roen,een  my*-*  Century  Magazine 


PHOTOGRAPHING  THE  UNSEEN. 

A  SYMPOSIUM  ON  THE  ROENTGEN  RAYS. 

THE  most  nota-  of  its  flesh-clad  anatomy.  It  is  even  more  re- 
J-  ble  event  in  markable  that,  outside  of  the  work  done  by  a 
scientific  history  few  investigators  (some  of  it  recorded  in  this 
last  year  was  the  issue  of  The  Century),  the  vast  mass  of  effort 
isolation,  by  two  has  been  mere  tiresome  repetition  of  a  very 
physicists  of  Eng-  limited  number  of  Professor  Roentgen’s  ex¬ 
land,  of  anew  ele-  periments. 

ment  in  the  atmo-  The  detection  and  utilization  of  the  X  ray 
sphere.  That  dis-  was  in  a  sense  evolutionary,  although  the 
covery  of  argon,  actual  occurrence  was  quite  by  accident.  Dat- 
the.  .unsuspected  ing,  perhaps,  from  Hauksbee’s  Royal  Society 
P5,  existence  of  which  work  in  obtaining  phosphorescent  light  by 
for  so  long  was  rubbing  briskly  a  glass  globe  exhausted  of 
hardly  to  the  air,  it  was  a  fashionable  amusement  through- 
credit  of  modern  out  the  whole  of  the  last  century  to  witness 
science,  is  now  electrical  discharges  in 
,  . i  .  ,  „  matched  by  the  vacuo .  The  reader  can 

beautiful  work  of  'Professor  W.  C.  Roentgen  test  the  thing  for  him- 
ln  photographing  the  unseen  by  electric  rays  self  by  taking  any  in- 
from  vacuum-tubes.  It  cannot  be  said  that  candescent  lamp  into  a 
either  of  these  advances  was  eagerly  awaited  dark  comer,  and  chaf- 
as  a  sequential  development.  On  the  contrary,  ing  it  briskly  with  a  bit 
the  individuality  of  argon  was  very  strenu-  of  cloth  or  silk,  when  he 
ously  denied  by  expert  philosophers,  and  the  will  see  a  gleam  of  blu- 
first  announcement  of  the  «  X  rays,»'with  their  ish  lightwithin  the 
curious  Paul-Pry  capacity  for  photographing  bulb.  Of  lateyears 
through  a  brick  wall,  was  also  met  with  out-  thefavoritemeans 
spoken  incredulity.  Prom  such  incidents  as  of  studying  such 
these  one  may  fairly  infer  that,  while  patient  effects  has  been  a 
investigation  will  always  count  for  much  in  Geissler  tube  of 
science,  happy  chance  is  an  important  factor,  glass,  into  which, 

Innumerable  eyes  are  strained  in  their  gaze  littlewiresofplat- 
upon  the  gloom,  and  just  at  what  moment  and  inum  being  sealed 
at  which  point  the  veil  of  fog  may  casually  lift  at  each  end,  high- 
is  forever  uncertain.  tension  currents 

This  countryis  proverbially  alert  in  matters  can  be  passed,  with 
of  discovery,  yet  it  was  several  days  before  the  help  of  an  in- 
any  one  repeated  the  Roentgen  experiments,  duction-coil.  The 
news  of  which  had  been  cabled  in  graphic  discharge  in  the 
detail  by  European  correspondents.  As  if  to  tube  across  the 
compensate  for  the  delay  and  inertness,  the  space  from  wire  to 
other  extreme  has  since  been  rushed  to,  and  wire  creates  beau- 
no  school  or  college  has  considered  the  day  tiful  effects  of  col- 
well  spent  in  which,  with  endless  iteration,  it  ored  light,  depen- 
hap  not  taken  «  cathodographs  »  of  hands  and  dent  on  the  nature  - 
coins.  The  sheep-like  tendency  of  human  be-  of  the  rarefied  * 
mgs  is  once  more  exemplified  in  the  fact  that,  gases  within  the 
while  a  large  proportion  of  the  inhabitants  tube.  Professor 
of  the  United  States  have  had  their  hands  Crookes  followed 
p  taken, »  only  a  single  foot,  so  far  as  the  writer  up  this  lineof  work  Z 
is  aware,  has  been  made  to  reveal  the  secrets  by  improving  such  • 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Photographing  the  Unseen:  A  Symposium 
52  (May  1896):  120-131.] 


on  the  Roentgen  Rays."  Century  Magazine 


PHOTOGRAPHING  THE  UNSEEN.  121 

tubes,  and  by  his  brilliant  demonstrations  in  fluence,  but  they  refuse  to  be  reflected,  and 
state  off  Which  Pnri!h.v0aUnrtt’  °r-  “^adlant'”  60  through  various  prisms  without  any  sort  of 
state,  of  which  Faraday  spoke  eighty  years  apparent  refraction.  They  persist  in  follow- 
^6°-  from  these  experiments  by  Crookes  ing  absolutely  straight  lines,  starting  from 
dated  new  phenomena  of  phosphorescence  the  point  on  the  glass  bulb  that  is  seen  to  be 
faintly  fluorescing  with  a  blue-green  light, 
under  the  action  of  the  invisible  rays  from 
the  cathode  to  the  glass.  While  they  present 
analogies  with  the  ultra-violet  rays  of  the 
spectrum,  their  close  identity  with  light  is 
still  regarded  as  doubtful.  Light  is  attributed 
to  transverse  vibrations  of  the  ether,  but  Pro¬ 
fessor  Roentgen  has  suggested  that  his  rays 
may  be  longitudinal  vibrations,  like  sound- 
pulses  in  the  air.  They  do  at  least  throw 
shadows,  cause  chemical  action,  and  set  up 
fluorescence,  while  the  last  fact  would  ob¬ 
viously  suggest  that  they  may  engender  heat. 
Some  trustworthy  experimenters  find  the  rays 
peculiarly  irritating  to  the  eye,  and  others 

si 

cuum-tube  which  has  wires  or  disks  sealed  of  the  spectrum,  10  wmcr 
into  each  end  or  side  walls,  the  glow,  starting  is  not  usually  applied, 
trom  the  Positive,  or  anode,  tip,  fades  out  as  The  electrical  conditions  involved  are  of  in- 

utterly'cp0  oftwhjoh ‘he,df  P  ra’d,?ationo  is  ™at  annrancefby  Professor  J?  J.  Thra? 

region,  seems  uncertain,  but  the  subject  has  stance  upon  which  they  fall,  no  matter  how 
Wfl  Z„yvmVe-^ i'gated.andProfessorRoent-  the  body  may  be  protected  against  discharge, 
gen  s  discovery  is  one  fruit  of  exploration  in  From  this  the  writer  would  infer  that  the 
T  SsT  •ar,ra'  Roentgen  rays  are  those  which,  on  emerging 

It  was  first  pointed  out  by  the  late  Profes-  from  their  prison  of  glass  or  aluminium  have 
sor  Hertz  of  Germany  that  these  ultra-violet  lost  their  own  electric  charge  Derhaisen! 
rays  from  the  cathode  could  penetrate  opaque  tirely.  Professor  Thomson  statesP  moreover 
bodies  such  as  aluminium  in  a  vacuum.  This  that  the  nature  of  the  charge,  whether  posi- 
was  interesting,  but  Dr.  Philip  Lenard  further  P 

showed  that  such  rays  would  also  pass  hut  into 
the  air  and  through  any  substance  lying  be-  \ 
yond  the  vacuum.  They  would  travel  a  con-  i:; 
siderable  distance,  would  cause  phosphores-  rii 
cence,  and  would  act  on  photographic  plates.  Si 
From  this  to  the  discovery  of  Roentgen,  who  &j| 
has  caused  the  permeable  substances  inter- 
posed  in  the  lines  of  these  rays  to  register 
their  shadows  on  a  photographic  plate,  is  but 
a  step,  though  a  long  and  memorable  one.  "3 
At  this  moment  discussion  is  rife  as  to  the 
nature  of  the  Roentgen  ray,  and  many  old 
theories  as  to  light,  electricity,  and  the  ether 
are  threatened  with  change.  The  obedience 
of  the  ordinary  cathode  rays  to  a  magnet  is 
one  of  their  characteristics;  but  the  X  rays 
are  still  Bezonians  whose  king  is  unknown,  for 
they  not  only  do  not  respond  to  magnetic  in- 


122  THE  CENTURY  MAGAZINE. 


tive  or  negative,  is  immaterial.  The  corollary 
drawn  by  him  from  this  is  that  all  bodies 
under  the  influence  of  these  rays  become  con¬ 
ductors.  One  such  fact  indicates  many  pos¬ 
sibilities  in  the  electrical  arts  and  sciences. 

There  is  no  need  now  to  dwell  upon  the 
value  of  the  Roentgen  rays  in  surgery  and 
dentistry,  for  the  newspaper  press  of  Europe 
and  America  has  been  full  of  their  use  in  re¬ 
vealing  the  condition  of  the  bony  structure  of 
the  body.  Their  employment  in  the  testing 
of  metals,  the  inspection  of  objects  in  closed 
or  concealed  packages,  and  the  detection  of 
differences  in  various  substances,  is  obvious. 
One  immediate  and  important  application  al¬ 
ready  made  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic  is 
to  the  study  of  moving  objects  projected  on 
a  fluorescent  screen,  while  yet  another  inven¬ 
tion  is  aimed  at  seeing  and  photographing 
objects  hidden  by  darkness. 

It  will  conduce  much  to  the  utility  of  these 
rays,  however,  to  determine,  first  of  all,  their 
nature;  that  is,  whether  they  are  simply 
streams  of  matter  under  electrical  impulse, 
or  light  of  short  wave-length,  or  some  new 
phenomenon  of  vibration  in  the  ether  itself. 

Thomas  Commerford  Marlin. 


ing  the  high-tension  electricity  necessary  for 
its  excitation.  At  the  start  the  bulb  is  full  of 
air,  and  as  soon  as  the  coil  is  set  in  action 
crooked  blue  sparks  pass  freely  between  the 
aluminium  plates  within.  The  pump  is  now 
used,  the  silvery  fluid  alternately  rising  and 
falling  within  its  tubes,  and  driving  out  the 
air  before  it.  With  its  first  stroke  we  observe  a 
change  in  the  bulb.  The  blue  sparks  cease,  and 
in  their  place  appears  a  waving  purple  flame, 
which,  as  the  air  becomes  rarer,  broadens, 
and  finally  breaks  up  into  stratifications.  The 
room  is  now  darkened.  Little  disks  of  bluish- 
white  light  fill  the  tube,  resembling  somewhat 
a  pile  of  saucers.  The  spaces  between  them 
widen,  and  finally  a  dark  space  appears  about 
one  of  the  electrodes.  The  discharge  is  now 
approaching  the  form  described  by  Crookes  as 
«  radiant,®  the  light  becomes  fainter,  and  the 
dark  space  widens  out  until  it  touches  the 
glass  wall,  which  instantly  glows  with  its 
characteristic  green  phosphorescence.  A  few 
more  strokes  of  the  pump  and  the  vacuum  is 
practically  perfect.  The  resistance  to  the 
passage  of  the  current  is  now  so  great,  and 
the  potential  on  the  wires  rises  to  such  a 
point,  that  purple  fringes  of  electric  fire  spring 
forth  into  the  air.  Sparks  occasionally  leap 
about  the  outside  of  the  bulb,  preferring  the 


On  entering  the  room  in  which  are  arranged 
the  elaborate  paraphernalia  necessary  for  the 
production  of  the  Roentgen  phenomena,  the 
self-acting  mercurial  air-pump,  with  its  laby¬ 
rinth  of  tubes  and  bulbs,  is  the  first  object 
that  attracts  notice.  Connected  with  this'by 
a  slender  tube  is  the  small  glass  bulb,  with 
its  two  electrodes  of  aluminium,  which  is  the 
source  of  the  new  energy;  while  just  below  it 
is  the  huge  Ruhmkorff  induction-coil,  furnish- 


long  air-gap  to  the  shorter  but  vacuous  one 
within.  The  entire  inner  surface  shines  with 
a  pale  emerald  light,  while  directly  in  front 
of  one  of  the  disks  is  a  very  bright  spot  of  a 
yellowish  color,  where  the  full  force  of  the 
cathode  rays  falls.  This  spot  is  the  source  of 
the  mysterious  «X  rays,»  which,  though  un¬ 
seen,  radiate  from  it  in  all  directions  like 
light. 

The  bulb  is  now  covered  with  a  thick  black 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


and  we  see  a  shadow  of  the  plate  with  its 
stenciled  word.  A  wooden  box  of  lead-pencils 
shows  only  tho  shadows  of  the  leads  as  a  num¬ 
ber  of  narrow  parallel  lines.  And  now  comes 
the  most  startling  experiment  of  all.  Wehold 
our  hand  behind  the  screen,  and,  closely  ob¬ 
serving  the  luminous  surface,  perceive  within 


perfect,  even  tho  cartilaginous  spaces 
tween  being  discernible.  It  is  impossibli 
describe  the  feeling  of  awe  that  one  exp 
ences  on  actually  seeing  the  image  of  his . 
skeleton  within  the  enshrouding  flesh. 

_  Wonderful  as  are  these  phosphorest 
pictures,  oven  more  so  are  tho  photograi 


52  (May' T896)?120e-13r.f  e":  A  SymPosium  on  the  R°e"'Sen  Rays."  Certur, Magaz 


phosphorescent  entire  surface  of  the  screen  shines  with  a 
with  the  obser-  bluish-green  light.  Placing  a  few  coins  in  tho 
ad  the  room  be-  center  of  a  thick  book,  we  hold  it  between  the 
.  large  wooden  screen  and  the  apparatus.  The  coins  instantly 
as  been  painted  appear  as  circular  black  shadows  on  the  lumi- 
is  set  up  before  nous  background.  A  brass  stencil-plato  is 
i  toward  us.  The  placed  in  an  aluminium  cigarette-case  and 
th  the  board,  ex-  held  against  the  screen.  Tho  litrht  metal  is 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Photographing  the  Unseen:  A  Symposium  on 
52  (May  1896):  120-131.] 


the  Roentgen  Rays."  Century  Magazine 


PHOTOGRAPHING  THE  UNSEEN.  125 


action  on  the  photographic  plate.  It  is 
this  property  which  renders  the  discovery 
of  such  value;  for  in  place  of  the  transient 
shadows  on  the  luminous  screen,  sharp  and 
clear  photographs  can  be  made,  which  may  be 
examined  at  leisure.  These  photographs  can 
be  taken  in  broad  dayli 


be  taken  in  broad  daylight.  The  plate,  pro¬ 
tected  from  light  by  a  holder  of  the  usual  kind 
or  by  several  thicknesses  of  black  paper,  is 
placed  at  a  distance  of  eighteen  or  twenty 
inches  from  the  vacuum-tube,  and  the  object 
to  be  photographed  is  laid  upon  it.  The  photo¬ 
graph  of  the  human  hand  which  appears  on 
page  123  was  made  by  the  writer  with  the  ap¬ 
paratus  of  the  Berlin  Physical  Institute.  The 
seal-ring  on  the  little  finger  shows  the  opacity 
of  the  heavy  metals  to  the  rays,  its  image 
being  much  darker  than  that  of  the  bones. 
In  taking  this  picture  the  hand  was  placed 
near  the  exhausted  tube,  which  was  directly 
over  the  little  finger;  here  the  rays  fell 
perpendicularly,  while  those  that  cast  the 
shadows  of  the  other  fingers  struck  the  plate 
in  an  oblique  direction,  which  caused  a  slight 


m  an  oblique  direction,  which  caused  a  slight 
distortion  or  broadening  of  the  imagd!  The 
photograph  of  a  bird  was  made  by  Herr  Klin- 
genberg  in  the  laboratory  of  the  Technical 
High  School  in  Charlottenburg.  One  of  the 
legs  was  broken,  and  the  position  of  the  splin¬ 
tered  ends  is  distinctly  shown  in  the  picture. 
The  dislocation  of  the  vertebras  in  the  neck, 
caused  probably  by  wringing,  is  also  notice- 


The  other  picture  illustrating  this  note  was 
taken  by  Dr.  Kaufman  in  the  physical  labo¬ 
ratory  of  the  University  of  Berlin,  and  shows 
the  anatomy  of  a  living  but  chloroformed 
mouse.  This  is  perhaps  the  most  interest¬ 
ing  of  all.  Beginning  with  the  head,  we  see 
within  the  outline  of  the  creature’s  profile  the 
sharp  contours  of  the  skull  and  teeth.  A  trace 
appears  of  the  thin,  delicate  ears.  Just  behind 
the  skull  are  the  almost  transparent  shoulder- 
blades,  in  shape  not  unlike  the  wines  of  a  bee. 


outside  foils  of  a  pair  of  Leyden  jars,  the 
knobs  of  which  were  connected  with  the  ter¬ 
minals  of  the  machine  respectively,  dis¬ 
charges  at  the  rate  of  about  thirty  per 
minute  taking  place  between  the  separated 
terminals. 

The  sensitive  plate  (5X7)  was  placed  in  a 

Sasteboard  box,  face  up,  and  had  a  sheet  of 
lack  paper  wrapped  about  it.  It  was  thus 
shiblded  by  a  layer  of  paper  and  another  of 
pasteboard.  Just  above  the  plate,  and  on  the 
top  of  the  box,  were  laid  a  variety  of  objects; 
and  above  them,  at  a  distance  of  about  four 
inches,  was  the  under  side  of  the  Crookestube. 
An  ordinary  photograph  of  the  objects  was 
taken  by  the  camera,  a  print  of  which  is  shown 
on  the  following  page.  It  shows  several  things 
which  do  not  appear  in  the  cathodograph,  the 
reason  being  that  they  were  practically  trans¬ 
parent.  Near  the  center  is  a  small  brass  gear¬ 
wheel  which  is  quite  opaque;  it  was  one  eighth 
of  an  inch  thick,  except  the  hub,  which  gave 
a  full  thickness  of  one  fourth  of  an  inch. 
Near  the  brass  wheel  is  a  small  sea-urchin, 
the  structure  of  which  is  partly  calcareous. 
The  rays  have  gone  through  and  revealed  a 
portion  of  the  interior  structure.  Likewise, 
the  rays  have  passed  through  a  small  starfish 


>  ■> 


letters  more  than  the  body  of  the  plate.  Ad-  By  the  cellu 
joining  the  objects  mentioned  may  be  seen  a  in  black,  v 
pair  of  insulated  wires  tightly  twisted  to-  This  was  ti 
gether.  In  the  ray-print  the  insulation  is  al-  the  shadow- 
most  invisible,  and  the  wires  stand  wide  apart,  seen  near  it 
The  three  irregular  pieces  seen  near  the  an  inch  thii 
twisted  wire  are  coal:  one  piece,  in  the  form  opaque,  but 
of  a  wedgo  or  prism,  is  of  anthracite  three  edges  are  c 
eighths  of  an  inch  at  its  thickest  part,  and  theupperrij 
tapering  to  an  edge;  the  other  two  are  of  is  a  cork  ab 
bituminous  coal  varying  in  thickness  from  two  glass  tu 
one  sixteenth  of  an  inch  to  over  one  fourth  has  disappe: 
of  an  inch.  Tho  coal  is  relatively  quite  trans-  too  transpa: 
parent, and  thebituminouisomowhatmoreso  bottles  woul 
than  the  anthracite.  The  negative  clearly  are  seen  to 
shows  by  darker  marks  the  presence  of  seams  It  is  indt 
probably  richer  in  earthy  matter.  black  coal  l 

In  this  connection  I  make  a  suggestion.  In-  freely  that 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


52  A  SympOSium  0n  the  RoentSen  Rays-"  c^tury  Magazine 


o  test  this,  I  placed  in  front  of  u  sensitive 
e,  and  between  it  and  its  Blide  in  the  plato- 
lor,  four  thicknesses  of  sensitive  bromide 
er.  It  was  then  placed  under  the  Crookes 
3,  with  a  few  objects— one  of  which  was 
nail  permanent  magnet— on  the  cover  of 
plate-holder  containing  the  plate  and 
er.  There  were  thus  five  superposed  sensi- . 

layers  traversed  by  the  rays.  A  pic- 
i  was  obtained  on  each  of  them.  These 
ures  wero  of  equal  intensity,  and  tho 
a  had  a  strong  impression.  The  indica- 
that  a  dozen  or  twenty  paper  pictures 


etc.  With  a  highly  fluorescent  screen  placed 
within  the  range  of  vision,  in  a  dark  box  pro¬ 
vided  with  sight-holes,  the  observer  will  be 
able  at  once  to  detect  the  presenco  or  ab¬ 
sence  of  the  rays,  the  forms  of  the  shadows, 
etc.,  instead  of  photographing  them.  He  will 
be  able  also  easily  to  change  the  direction  of 
tho  rays  and  make  observations  in  the  differ¬ 
ent  directions  without  loss  of  time. 

It  is  possible  also  that  an  exploring  appa- 


ht  have  been  obtained  at 
e  verified. 

his  looks  as  if  only  a  small  portion  of  the 


sr  bromide  is  susceptible  to  these 
that  to  get  the  best  results  special  prep- 


ion  of  the  sensitive  materials  will  be 
led;  or  the  impression  may  depend  on 
'escence,  in  which  case  strongly  fiuores- 
1  chemically  inert  powders  snould  be  in- 
lorated  with  the  sensitive  substances, 
here  is  every  reason  to  believe  that  much 
iter  speed  will  be  attained  by  the  use  of 
dy  sensitive  materials  and  of  greater  en- 
’  the  Crookes  tube  apparatus. 

*ie  detection  of  cathode  rays  by  fluores- 


ratus,  consisting  of  a  negatively  electrified 
body  with  an  electroscope,  maybe  so  arranged 
as  to  give  a  record,  or  map,  as  it  were,  of  the 
shadows  cast  by  the  cathode  rays.  In  this  case 
the  sensitiveness  can  be  made  exceedingly 
great. 

It  is  too  early  to  settle  upon  any  theory  as 
to  the  nature  of  the  rays.  They  agree  in 
several  particulars  with  what  is  called  ultra¬ 
violet  light,  orwith  ultra-violet  rays.  Yet  they 
are  not  refracted  or  reflected,  or  at  least  no 
observations  have  as  yet  been  made  showing 
that  they  possess  the  capability  of  refraction 
or  reflection.  Certain  delicate  markingswhich 
I  have  observed  on  a  fewcathodographs  would 


almost  indicate  a  trace  of  refraction  or  reflec- 
existing;  still,  there  may  be  another  ex- 


nlanation  of 


can  pass  between  the  molecules  and  travel  in 
free  ether  between  them,  or  otherwise  under¬ 
go  absorption  in  the  molecule  itself  when  the 
latter  is  across  the  path? 

Be  they  what  they  may,  the  study  of 
cathode  rays  will  open  up  the  way  to  further 
discoveries  in  that  borderland  between  matter 
and  ether.  We  know  that  magnetism  concerns 
the  ether  far  more  than  it  does  ordinary  mat¬ 
ter.  We  know  that  light  and  radiant  heat-are 
electromagnetic  vibrations  of  high  pitch  in 
the  ether.  It  is  more  than  probable  that  gravi¬ 
tation's  dependent  on  some  form  of  ether 
vibration.  We  shall  await  the  proof  of  the 
true  nature  of  cathode  rays,fullyassured  that 


Foil  success 
the  first  reqi 
a  very  perfec 


ing  only  a  suf 
phorescence. 
preferably  cc 
Ruhmkorff  cc 
four  or  five  in 
late  the  tube, 
sufficient  rap 
break  very  lo 
the  bulb  or 
shadows  will 


oroduce  the 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Photographing  the  Unseen:  A  Symposium  on  the  Roentgen  Rays."  Century  Magazine 
52  (May  1896):  120-131.]  *  * 


PHOTOGRAPHING- THE  UNSEEN.  129 

posed.  One  of  my  tubes  cast  distinct  double  and  feet,  showing  the  bones  only,  a  longer  ex¬ 
shadows,  the  stronger  shadow  falling  in  a  posure  is  needed  than  will  suffice  to  show  the 
direction  as  if  the  rays  had  come  straight  bones  through  the  flesh.  With  prolonged  ex- 
from  the  cathode,  the  fainter  shadow  in  a  posure  the  flesh  disappears,  the  rays  pene- 
direction  straight  from  the  phosphorescent  tratjng  it  more  and  more, 
patch  on  the  glass.  Interposing  a  piece  of  The  negatives  frequently  show  as  though 
pine-wood,  I  have  found  shadows  of  the  grain  much  more  fully  exposed  on  the  side  next  the 
of  the  wood  upon  the  sensitive  plate,  which  glass  than  on  the  front  of  the  film.  This  gives 
proved  that  the  dark  resinous  streaks  are  color  to  the  notion  that  the  photographic 
more  transparent  to  these  rays  than  the  effect  is  of  a  secondary  order,  the  Roentgen 
lighter-colored  tissuo.  I  have  obtained  shad-  rays  penetrating  the  film  to  the  surface  of  the 
ows  of  coins  shut  up  in  a  leather  purse,  of  glass,  where  by  some  transmutation  akin  to 
pens  inclosed  in  a  wooden  box,  of  a  pair  of  phosphorescence  they  generate  the  photo¬ 
spectacles  lying  in  its  case,  and  of  gems  of  va-  graphic  effect.  Abney  says  that  if  the  sonsi- 
rious  sorts  inclosed  .in  a  wooden  box.  Olivine  tive  films  are  spread  on  ferrotype  iron  instead 
appears  to  be  more  opaque  than  topaz,  sap-  of  on  glass  no  shadows  are  produced, 
phire,  or  diamond.  Diamond  is  more  opaque  The  statement  attributed  to  me  in  various 
than  black  carbon  of  equal  thickness.  A  piece  quarters,  that  I  have  found  Roentgen  rays  in 
of  amber  inclosing  flies  shows  no  shadows  of  the  arc-lamp,  has  never  been  made  by  me. 
the  flies.  I  have  found  no  difficulty  in  getting  What  I  have  found  is  that,  using  an  arc-lamp, 
shadows  of  the  bones  of  the  hand,  even  down  I  could  get  photographic  shadows  of  metal 
to  the  wrist;  but  in  my  sciographs,  as  in  those  objects  through  a  wooden  screen ;-but  they 
of  Mr.  Swinton,  the  flesh  always  casts  a  are  stopped  by  an  aluminium  sheet,  and  hence 
shadow  also.  Magnetized  iron  and  non-mag-  are  not  due  to  Roentgen  rays, 
netized  iron  appear  to  be  equally  opaque.  I  have  succeeded  in  reading  the  contents  of 
Bones  are  not  very  opaque:  one  notices  in  the  a  sealed  letter  by  the  Roentgen  method.  The 
shadows  of  the  carpal  bones  of  the  hand  that  ink  was  of  a  metallic  nature;  writing  in  vege- 
iv  i  j  en<jSj  where  there  is  marrow,  are  table  inks  produces  no  appreciable  shadow. 


130  THE  CENTURY  MAGAZINE. 

gave  a  much  sponger  radiation  than  any  of  covered  wooden  jewel-case.  Very  good  results 
the  others.  This  tube  was  pear-shaped,  and  were  similarly  obtained  by  an  exposure  of  one 
as  it  had  one  electrode  inserted  in  the  smaller  second  through  five  folds  of  black  paper, 
end  and  the  other  in  the  side,  we  were  able, 

by  making  the  former  the  negative  terminal,  umvKMmr  or  Toronto.  j ;  c.  McLennan . 

to  obtain  a  large  glass  surface  exposed  to  the 

action  of  the  cathode  rays.  This  tube  was  em-  All  about  and  within  us  exist  rate*  of  vibra- 
ployed  in  all  our  later  experiments.  Thinking  tion  known  as  forms  of  energy,  some  of  them 
that  probably  the  action  would  vary  with  dif-  forced  by  man’s  ingenuity  to  record  them- 
ferent  sensitized  films,  we  conducted  tests  selves  by  aid  of  mechanisms,  others  yet  await- 
to  determine  the  relative  sensitiveness  to  ing  this  sort  of  detection.  Recording  devices 
the  rays  of  various  types  of  plates;  but  we  to  reveal  laws  of  light,  heat,  or  chemical 
observed  marked  difference,  and  concluded  affinity  are  familiar,  but  no  one  has  in  a  simi- 
that  any  reduction  in  the  time  of  exposure  lar  manner  recorded  thought  or  gravitation, 
must  be  otherwise  obtained.  Experiments  Electricity  yields  its  secrets  slowly.  While 
were  also  made  with  prisms  and  lenses  of  Faraday  divined  and  Maxwell  proved  mathe- 
wood,  pitch,  and  other  materials,  but  no  in-  matically  its  existence  outside  of  the  con- 
dication  of  refraction  at  their  surfaces  could  ductor,  Hertz  actually  detected  its  vibration 
m.18cov,ered'  and  its  wave-lengths  by  means  of  his  oscilla- 

The  only  remaining  method  for  the  concen-  tor.  Lenard  detected  and  recorded  cathodic 
tration  of  the  rays  seemed  to  be  an  applica-  raysoutsideof  a  vacuum-tube,  and  nowRoent- 
tion  of  the  principle  of  reflection.  In  order  gen  comes  forward  to  show  by  a  device  that, 
to  determine  whether  the  rays  could  be  re-  the  leather  of  a  purse  and  the  flesh  of  the 
fleeted,  a  surface  of  clean  mercury  was  pre-  hand  may  be  penetrated  byaradiation,  leaving 
pared,  and  it  was  found  that  when  the  rays  coin8within,andbonesotherwiseinvisible,pic- 
were  directed  towards  this  sensitized  films  pro-  tured.  At  once  man’s  curiosity  in  uncovering 
gged  by  the  otherwise  unseen  became  highly  excited. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Photographing  the  Unseen:  A  Symposium  on  the  Roentgen  Rays."  Century  Magazine 
52  (May  1896):  120-131.] 


THE  GOOSE  FEATHER. 


131 


ing  electrodes.  I  make  use  of  no  coil  or  con¬ 
verter,  but  excite  the  vacuum-tube  directly 
from  the  external  armatures  of  Leyden  jars 
in  a  manner  published  by  me  as  novel  in  1881, 
or  I  dispense  entirely  with  the  Leyden  jars. 

My  chief  pleasure  in  this  work  has  been  in 
its  simplification,  and initspossibleadaptation 
to  medical  uses. 

kkwTokk  cm.  William  James  Morton. 

My  experiments  with  the  Roentgen  rays  have 
been  almost  entirely  devoted  to  investigating 
the  phenomena  with  a  view  to  obtaining  the 
most  practicable  and  powerful  form  of  appa- 
:  rates— especially  the  fluorescent  lamp,  the 
photographic  plates,  and  the  best  form  of 
electric  oscillation  to  energize  the  lamp.  Hav- 
..  ing  all  the  appliances  for  working  with  in- 
candescent-lamp  vacua,  I  have  been  enabled 
.to*  try.  a  large  number  of  experiments  with 
this  end  in  view.  I  have  not  as  yet  attempted 
■'  V  to  take  pictures  other  than  a  standard  figure 
'  a  number  of  bars  of  metal,  bone,  etc.,  on 
■•^"cardboard. 

.  I  -'.  *?.  1  am  now  fitting  up  a  complete  apparatus, 
,  ,  „and  expect  soon  to  conduct  a  number  of  ac- 
, -^‘curate  experiments  in  the  photography  of 
.  iy  animate  and  inanimate  objects.  From  the 
-  “i-  , 'rough  experiments  recorded  in  my  note-book 
I « briefs  the  following: 

.  1.  The  ray  proceeds  from  all  parts  of  the 

•  '  glass  illuminated  by  fluorescence. 

*  2.  With  the  same  degree  of  fluorescence, 
■  ■  the  effect  is  independent  of  the  size  or  posi¬ 
tion  of  electrodes. 

-  3.  Under  the  same  conditions  as  to  the  dis¬ 
tance  of  the  lamp  from  the  plate,  the  distor¬ 
tion  increases  with  the  increase  in  the  size  of 
the  lamp-bulb. 

4.  Records  taken  every  three  inches  up  to 


thirty-six  inches  show  that  the  photographic 
effect  of  the  ray  diminishes  as  the  square  of 
the  distance,  as  stated  by  Roentgen. 

5.  Commercial  dry  plates  vary  much  in 
their  sensitiveness  to  the  ray.  The  most 
rapid  plates  for  light  are  the  slowest  for 

6.  As”  nearly  as  can  be  ascertained  at  pres¬ 
ent  the  power  of  the  ray  to  photograph  varies 
as  the  square  of  the  illuminating  power  of 
the  fluorescence. 

7.  The  phosphorescence  of  the  lamp  after 
the  current  is  Btopped  does  not  photograph. 
Powerful  after-phosphorescence  of  a  lamp 
is  no  indication  of  its  value  for  photographic 

8.  High  vacuum  diminishes  fluorescence  and 

the  sensitiveness  to  photographic  work.  The 
point  of  maximum  fluorescence  is  where  the 
residual  gases  just  perceptibly  glow _ 

9.  Fluorescent  lamps  with  aluminium  elec¬ 
trodes  gradually  change  to  higher  vacuum, 

'  '  ’  ‘  ’  equent 


lower  sensibility.  Gentle  heating  of  the  lamp 
restores  the  absorbed  gases  temporarily. 

10.  The  smaller  the  lamp  the  less  will  be 
the  distortion  of  the  shadow,  and  the  closer 
can  the  plate  and  the  lamp  be  placed,  thereby 
increasing  the  sensibility  greatly. 

11.  Substances  so  far  tried  which  power¬ 
fully  phosphoresce  in  the  bulb  of  the  lamp  do 
not  photograph  when  phosphorescent  after 
the  current  is  Btopped. 

'  12.  Heating  the  dry  plate  does  not  appre¬ 
ciably  increase  its  sensitiveness. 

13.  A  good  lamp  should  give  a  clear  photo¬ 
graph  of  thin  metallic  strips  through  eight 
inches  of  Georgia  pine  in  fifteen  minutes. 

oravok,  n.  j.  Thomas  A.  Edison. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Recent  Roentgen  Ray  Observations."  Electrical  Engineer  22  (November  18,  1896):  520.] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[  Fluorescing  Salts."  Electrical  Engineer  23  (Januaiy  6,  1897):  17.] 


;  recorded  by 

I  l,rJ-s'nl"  f1181"'0  t®  «»  X-ray' rtntolwr’mo”onowl0nBW«« 
;  "  l|“rs®  m,nlbcr  of  chemical*  made  at  niy  labor- 

:  lasted'  and  reported:  Borate  of  Sodiuma nd 'ura n”um”  Cvanldo 
:  Of  Copper  and  Zinc;  Cyanide  of  Copper  and  Silver-'  CranPie 
Of  silver  and  Calcium;  Cyanide  of  Silver  and  Tin;  Cyanide  of 
;  Silver  and  Strontium;  Cyanide  of  Silver  and  Barium-  Cvanide 
|  or  c«*r  "O'1  Lithium;  Phosphate  of  Uranium  and  Ammon- 

| imd  Lead;  Cyanide  of  Uranium  and  Silver;  NItrateof  Uranium 
j  and  Strontium;  Nitrate  of  Uranium  and  Potassium;  Benzoate 
of  Uranium  and  Copper;  Benzoate  of  Uranium  and  Cadmium;' 
|  Dlealcium  Tuugstoborate;  Dlinanganeoso  Tuugstoborate:  Oy- 


■irritaS  ;.,  v™"1""  a"d  Beryllium;  rbos- 
Hh.'tc  or  uranlmn  and  Manganese;  CuproKo  rotnsaic  Cv- 1 
'SppeV- JCv-mldSf„fr°?  ”"‘1  CyaSldo  of  Cerium  mid  j 

'  }ST r'  T  ,  of  Copper  mitl  Molybricmm;  Cvnnido  of  i 
Co  nir  and  S  '.‘e  Cj',“,1,lde,  °i  C,0I’I,er  ”"d  *ron;  Cyanide  of  ! 
|  Copper  \ 

id  Copper;  Nitrate  c 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Introduction."  In  George  E.  Tewksbury,  A  Complete  Manual  of  the  Edison  Phonograph 
(Newark:  United  States  Phonograph  Co.,  1897):  10-12.] 


A  COMPLETE  MANUAL 
OF  THE 

EDISON  PHONOGRAPH. 

Uv  GliORGli  K.  TKWKSBURY. 


By  THOMAS  A.  KD1SON. 


.  UNITED  wSSiS*™  COMPANY 


/  Oc5  GO' 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Introduction."  In  George  E.  Tewksbury,  ,4  Complete  Manual  of  the  Edison  Phonograph 
(Newark:  United  States  Phonograph  Co.,  1897):  10-12.] 


INTRODUCTION. 

OMli  years  ago,  I  “  wrote  a  piece  ”  about 
the  Phonograph,  for  the  North  American 
Review,  Nine  years  ago,  that  was — 
further  back  than  most  men  like  to 
,  and  a  long  time  in  the  history  of  an 
Since  then  many  tilings  have  happened,  in 
experiment,  and  in  every  phase  of  human 


INTRODUCTION.  1 1 

the  important  uses  that  the  Phonograph  would 
serve,  and  so  widen  the  gentle  influence  of  melody 
and  add  to  the  general  sum  of  pleasure.  This  it  has 
certainly  done,  and  is  doing.  In  addition,  by  bringing 
within  the  reach  of  everyone  accurate  reproductions 
of  the  best  music,  it  exerts,  almost  unconsciously, 
an  elevating  moral  influence.  Dictation  without  tlje 
aid  of  a  stenographer,  has  been  successfully  achieved, 
while  a  use  that  did  not  then  occur  to  anyone, 
namely,  rapid  transcription,  has  grown  out  of  this 
feature  of  the  machine.  The  teaching  of  elocution 
and  the  study  of  languages  were  mentioned,  and  in 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison  on  the  Incandescent 
1898):  7.] 


Lamp:  To  the  Editor."  Electrical  Review  32  (January  5, 


EDISON  ON  THE  INCANDES-  i 
CENTJjAMP.  J 

From  His  Hines  in  New  Jersey  j 
He  5pcaks  Through  The 
••  Electrical  Review." 

THK  E.M1XENT  IXVEXTOn  FlIiJILY 
II  ELI  EVES  IK  A  MOI1F.  ECOKOJII-' 
OAI.  LA. Ml',  AKD  TH1XK5.  COUNT¬ 
LESS  EXI'EIIIM  ENTS  STILL  LEAVE 
IT  WITH  MANY  -UNDEVELOPED 
I’OSSI DILUTES.  • 


You  ask  as  to  the  possible  or  prob¬ 
able  improvement  'in.  incandescent  . 
lamps.  To  this  I  beg  to  reply  that 
I  have  always  been  n  firm  believer  in 
the  possibility  of  improving  very 
materially  tho  economy  of  incan-' 
descent  lamps.  • 

No  one  seems. to  be  able,  ns.  far  as 
I  know,  to  go  beyond  a  certain  point, 
bat  this  is  not  slraugc  when  wo  con¬ 
sider  how  little  is  known  about  an 
incandescent  lamp  by  the  very  best 
experts,  even  with  their  countless 

.  Yonrs  very  truly, 

Teojias  A.  Edison. 
Edison,  Surfex  Co.,  N.  J.,  Dec. 

>  r,K3,  1897. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Mr.  Edison  Protests  Against  Yellow  Journalism:  To  the  Editor."  Electrical  Review  32 
(January  19,  1898):  43.  Reprinted  from  the  New  York  Sun.] 


;  Mr.  Edison  Protests  Against  Yel¬ 
low  Journalism.. 

The  following  cjmmnnication  from 
:  Mr.  Edison  appeared  in  tlieNow  York 

:  Sl,H  on  ■,“nn«y  1* : 

To  the  Editor  or  The  Sun— Sir  : 
i  1  wish  to  protest  through  The  Sun 
■  “gainst  the  man;  articles  appearing 
:  in  the  sensational  papers  of  Son  York 
from  time  to  time  purporting  to  be 
interviews  with^mc  about  wonderful 

be  made  by  myself.  Scarcoh^a'single 
one  is  authentic,  and  the  statements 
purporting  to  bo  imido  by  mo  are  the 
inventions  of  the  reporter— the  public 
arc  led  from  these  articles  to  draw 
conclusions  just  the  opposite  of  the 
facts.  1  have  never  made  it  a  practice 
to  work  on  an;  line  not  purcl;  practi- 
it  tb  |,Seful’  ?ntl  1  e8Peci“lh  desire 
that  I  have  nothing  to  do  with  "at! 
article  advertised  to  appear  in  one  of 
the  papers  about  Alars. 

Thomas  A.  Edison. 

Orange,  Junuar;  11,  18US. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


["Edison’s  Views  on  Lightning  Rods."  Electrical  Review  32  (June  29,  1898).] 


Edison’s  Views  on  Lightning  Rods.  ' 

•  Thomas  A.  Edison  writes  as  follow's  1 

to  one  of  1  ho  editors  of  Popular'Sci-  j 
ence  JCvw*  who  had  asknd  him  whether 
lightning  rods  really  furnish  any  ee- 
entity  to  buildings  :  <•  Tliero  is  no 
doubt  whatever  that  the  lightuing  J 
rods  are  a  source  of  great  protection  i 
when  Imildiogs  are  properly  equipped  1 
with  thorn.  In  doing  this  it  is  noccs- 
snry  to  have  metal  of  goodoonduclir- 
i  itf  nnd  a  perfect  couneetion  with  the 
earth  at  tho  bottom  of  the,  rod.  If  j 
:  yon  will  refer  to  a  book  published  by  ' 
Sir  William  Suow  Harris,  who  first 

;  introduced  lightning  rode  in  the  Brit- 
i  ish  Navy  nnd  mercantile  marine,  yon 
frill  find  this  subject  discussed  at 
:  length.  Before  the  introduction,  of 
lightning  rods  in  tho  British  Navy, 
disasters  at  sea  were  quite  frequent, 
aud  the  subject  of  protecting  their 
ships  from  this  clement  of  danger 
;  presented  itself  in  a  very  serious  light 
to  British  naval  officers.  When  Har¬ 
ris  proposed  equipping  these  ships 
■  witli  lightning  rods,'  lie  was  almost 
alone  in  the  belief  that,  they  would 
;  afford  such  protection  as.  was  desired, 
i  After  a  great  deal  of  trouble  he  sne- 
ceeded  in  having  them  adopted,  since 
!  which  I  do  not  think  there  has  been 
j  a  single  serious  disaster  from  light¬ 
ning  in  the  British  Na'vy,  which  is 
conclusive  that  Harris’s  theory  was 
correct.  Tho  same  applies  to  build-  I 
ings  of  an  inflammable  nature  erected  ; 
on  land,  nnd  when  these  are  property 
supplied  with  a  sufficient  number  of 
lightning  rods,  dependent  upon  their 
size  and  I  he  extent  of  ground  covered 
by  them,  1  believe  they  arc  absolutely 
safe  from  all  danger.” 


Notebook,  N-91-00-00 


This  manuscript,  written  in  a  standard-size  notebook,  was  probably 
composed  during  1891  in  reaction  to  the  Sherman  Antitrust  Act  of  1890. 
Inserted  into  the  notebook  are  three  loose  pages  of  Edison’s  notes  on  antitrust 
legislation.  A  transcription  of  this  work,  edited  by  Israel  Rubin,  can  be  found 
in  Business  History  Review  59  (Autumn  1985):432-464. 


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[ITEM  FOUND  IN  BOOK] 


[ITEM  FOUND  IN  BOOK] 


SCRAPBOOK  SERIES 


The  three  scrapbooks  in  this  series  cover  the  periods  September  1888- 
May  1889  and  October  1894.  The  books  contain  clippings  from  newspapers, 
popular  magazines,  and  technical  journals  regarding  Edison’s  attempt  to 
determine  the  etiology  and  control  the  spread  of  yellow  fever,  the  controversy 
surrounding  his  dispute  with  Ezra  T.  Gilliland  and  John  C.  Tomlinson,  and  the 
introduction  of  the  kinetoscope  in  England.  One  book  (Cat.  1077)  also 
contains  clippings  from  1880-1881  relating  to  the  development  of  microscopy-a 
subject  peripheral  to  Edison’s  own  work;  these  clippings  have  not  been  filmed. 

In  addition  to  these  items,  the  Scrapbook  Collection  at  the  Edison 
National  Historic  Site  contains  a  few  nontechnical  scrapbooks  with  clippings 
from  the  period  1887-1898.  For  example,  a  book  entitled  "Mrs.  Edison’s 
Souvenirs"  (cat.  30,097)  contains  invitations,  programs,  and  other  mementos 
from  the  period  1891-1928.  A  finding  aid  for  this  record  group  is  available  at 
ENHS. 


The  scrapbooks  appear  on  the  microfilm  in  the  following  order: 

Cat.  1077  Yellow  Fever  Scrapbook  (1888-1889) 

Cat.  1160  Gilliland-Tomlinson  Scrapbook  (1889) 

Cat.  44,488  Kinetoscope  Scrapbook  (1894) 


Scrapbook,  Cat.  1077 


This  scrapbook  covers  the  periods  August  1880-October  1881  and 
September  1888-January  1889.  At  the  beginning  of  the  book  are  clippings  from 
1880-1881  regarding  the  technical  and  scientific  development  of  microscopy. 
Following  the  microscopy  material  are  clippings  relating  to  Edison’s  attempt 
to  control  the  spread  of  yellow  fever.  Much  of  the  experimental  work  in  this 
matter  was  conducted  by  Arthur  E.  Kennelly,  and  several  of  the  citations 
inscribed  above  the  clippings  are  in  Kennelly’s  hand.  Near  the  end  of  the  book 
is  one  loose  clipping  describing  some  of  the  electrocution  experiments  also 
supervised  by  Kennelly  at  the  West  Orange  laboratory.  The  book  is  part  of  the 
Menlo  Park  Scrapbook  Series;  many  of  the  items  in  that  series  can  be  found 
in  earlier  parts  of  the  microfilm  edition.  The  spine  is  labeled  "T.A.  Edison. 
No.  59."  The  book  contains  144  numbered  pages;  pages  45-144  are  blank. 

Only  the  yellow  fever  material  (pages  2343)  has  been  filmed. 


YWft**  &ro.TUt*J. 


Scrapbook,  Cat.  1160 


This  scrapbook  covers  the  periods  January  and  May  1889.  The  book 
contains  clippings  regarding  Edison’s  dispute  with  Ezra  T.  Gilliland  and  John 
C.  Tomlinson.  The  dispute  concerned  negotiations  with  Jesse  Lippincott  and 
the  sale  of  the  marketing  rights  for  the  phonograph.  The  inside  front  cover  is 
marked  "Frauds,  Ingrates  &c.  &c."  The  book  contains  144  numbered  pages; 
pages  28-144  are  blank. 


Missing  page  numbers:  5-6. 


SERiOUS  GIIAllGli,; ' 


iiSil  0L^~4-.  &f 

iSMSSIIF^lf  v°~7 -'i^t 

■  ;HSf^Si!§|® “p^  I  SERIOUS  CHARGE.  ; 


'■-'•■  ■ _  :  J  *tA*a*nst  Inventor  Edison'S  Agont 

t  Inventor  Edison's  Agents.  fiSirtism '  .  •  •  ■  '  ■'  _ 

- — :  mppi  ?“T1S 

3y  SoRfc  Eim  Out,  of  Twn  rr„„..  | 


thousand  Dollars?  L, 

-  -  -  .  ISilijpl'thS.rtSfiTiSJl  or  iiu?  Ktiiniiii  IJSSifc  &>m!i  r 


ppventlea'unUIami  wa.i  u  wcll-kno* 
KftPjtJ- wsrfttox.: J U. _ Cl  nd mmti  > 


sn 


■  hero  con  hardly  boHevo  th« 
to  ouch  a  itlmmlio  nwindl 
eh  ho  Mtands  accused.  'Alow 
los.UillUnml  was  »  woll-kn 
.onerotor  In  Cincinnati 
*  tho  ‘Western  Union  0 
t  woo  an  electrical  canlus  o 
ir.  on  J  him  hud  ;p_&ten&ujit 


Scrapbook,  Cat.  44,488 


This  scrapbook  contains  clippings  from  October  1894  regarding  the 
commercial  introduction  of  the  kinetoscope  in  England  by  the  Continental 
Commerce  Co.,  a  privately-held  affiliate  of  Maguire  and  Baucus.  Many  of  the 
clippings  have  been  removed  from  the  book.  The  pages  are  unnumbered.  Only 
10  pages  have  been  used. 


LATIST'iNVENTldS 


y/o  / b. /  / 


UNBOUND  CLIPPINGS  SERIES 


The  unbound  clippings  cover  the  period  1887-1898.  Most  of  the  items 
were  sent  to  Edison  by  clippings  services.  They  are  primarily  taken  from 
newspapers  and  popular  magazines,  although  some  are  from  technical  journals 
and  other  printed  sources  such  as  published  transactions.  The  majority  of 
clippings  are  from  American  publications,  but  some  are  from  British 
newspapers  and  other  foreign  journals  and  newspapers.  The  articles  and 
interviews  pertain  to  a  variety  of  subjects,  including  the  commercial  and 
technical  development  of  Edison’s  inventions  and  the  personal  affairs  of 
Edison  and  his  family.  Included  are  items  relating  to  Edison’s  return  to 
phonograph  experimentation  in  the  late  1880s,  his  dispute  with  Ezra  T. 
Gilliland  and  John  C.  Tomlinson,  the  talking  doll,  the  Paris  Exposition  of  1889, 
the  controversy  over  alternating  and  direct  current,  and  the  formation  of  the 
Edison  General  Electric  Co.  and  its  subsequent  merger  with  Thomson- 
Houston.  There  is  also  material  concerning  motion  pictures,  x-rays,  and 
Edison’s  gold  separation  experiments  at  the  Ortiz  mine  in  New  Mexico. 

The  clippings  are  arranged  by  year,  and  then  in  rough  chronological 
order  within  each  year.  In  cases  where  several  clippings  have  been  taped  onto 
a  single  sheet  of  paper,  the  page  is  organized  according  to  the  earliest  legible 
date.  Many  of  these  sheets  contain  archival  notations  referring  to  the 
Document  File  folder  in  which  the  item  was  at  one  time  filed.  Other  archival 
inscriptions  can  be  found  throughout. 

Although  the  majority  of  the  clippings  presented  on  the  microfilm  are 
originals,  some  are  photocopies.  Because  of  their  deteriorating  condition,  all 
of  the  clippings  at  the  Edison  National  Historic  Site  will  eventually  be 
photocopied,  and  the  originals  will  be  discarded. 

Less  than  half  of  the  clippings  for  the  period  1887-1898  have  been 
filmed.  Many  of  the  items  not  filmed  relate  to  widely  circulated  stories  that 
were  published  in  numerous  newspapers. 

The  clippings  have  been  filmed  at  a  reduction  ratio  of  15:1.  Clippings  too 
large  to  be  accommodated  at  that  reduction  have  been  filmed  on  their  sides. 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 
1887 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


Novkmiikr  12,  1887. 


288 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


j|4Kmrm 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1888 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


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liSgS^  H  _ 

w“w'Lw°oS’1»nJ  1“°“1’“i^  'Aa; . ’Invention  tliat  Will  Hovoiu- 

pno^t-iiio’Siiiiiei  ftSmYiio  1,110000  y ; . :  '  tionlzo  Corresnondenoe.  ' 


Si  jW  jS^K,S5i'.  Srfii:: 

scn-Q  tlio  ljurposa  aittumtlmt0 

n  lesson  iimy  go  handed  down  from  nonorntimi  i,I 
generation,  fha  odiieutionnl  value  fof  tlio  phouo"rai>h 
cannot  bo  over-valued.  You  aro  learning  C ff  t 

£==;,:sti--«s5- 

iuliu.ss  ol  tlio  phonograph, 


j  /|OM'S  VERY  UTE8T.  i 

|  /riiivJ'JIall'piionosrapli”  anil  llioiWonj 
i-uVa  dors  It  Will  Perform.  ;  .  ; 

LL  TALK  LIKE  a"mS$ 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


EDISON’S  ‘PHONOGRAPH. 

.  As  illustrating  tho  yorsntUity  and.  fecundity; 
of '  Edison  liic  inventor,  Mr.  Edward  II.  John- 
800,  president  of  tho  Edison  Eloctrio  Light 
Company,  tolls  a  good  story;  quoted  by  ft  Now 
York  correspondent.  “I  was  travelling  through 
tho  West  for  Edison,”  ho  anya,  giving  exhibi¬ 
tions  of  nml  lectures  on  tho  telephone,  Mr. 
Edison  had  previously  told  mo  in  a  cn9unt  way 
that  ho  believed  ho  could  make  a  talking  ma¬ 
chine,  and  ho  meant  to  do  it  aotno  day.  Iu  a 
burst  of  enthusinsmat  Buffalo  I  boasted  that  tho 
wizard  would  astonish  them  still  more  as  soon 
as  he  oould,  find  time  to  perfect  his  talking  ma¬ 
chine.  Tho  audience  went  wild  over  tho  •  an¬ 
nouncement,  and  it  was  6omo  minutes  beloro  I 
could  proceed  with  my  lecture.  At  its  conclu¬ 
sion  I  was  beaeiged  and  congratulated  by.  uu 
eager  crowd,  who  extorted  from  mo  a  promise 
that  I  would  hurry  up  that  talking  maohine 
and  oxhibit  it  first  In  Buffalo.  I  abandoned 
tho  remainder  of  my  trip,  paoked  my  gripsack 
and  started  for  Newark  that  night.  All  tho 
way  homo  I  was  wondoring  if  I  hadn’t  bit  off 
more  thou  I  could  chaw. 

“  Tom,”  said  I,  as  soon  os  I  could  reach  him 
*  you  must  lot  everything  else  go,  and  finish 
that  tolking-innchine  without  delay.  The  peo¬ 
ple  in  lluffalo  aro  crazy  over  it.  I  mndo  a 
bluff  of  them  in  Buffalo,  and  the  whole  oudioncu, 
Xjalled  nie  down,*  *M  All  right  said  Edison,  un¬ 
concernedly.  1  “In*  three  days  ho  received  from 
Now  York  tho  metal  cylinder,  and  before  night¬ 
fall'  tho  Phonograph  was  an  accomplished  fact. 
The  New  York  World,  of  November  G,  reports  • 
an  interview  with  Mr.  Edison  nnd  quotes  him 
ns  follows  on  the  subject :  1,1  Perhaps  I  am 

wrong  in  telling  you  anything  ubout  my  phono¬ 
graph,  because  what  I  olaim  for  it  is  so  extra¬ 
ordinary  that  I  get  only  ridicule  in  return.  I 
am  so  confident  that  when  the  apparatus  appears 
it  will  dispel  lull  doubts  us  to  its  practicability  and 
working  valuo  that  I  con  for  the  present  afford 
to  ignore  nil  kinds  of  criticism,  and  keep  at  ray 
work  regardless  of  the  storm  I  have  been  rais¬ 
ing  by  telling  a  few  people  that  there  was  such 
n  thing  as  a  perfect  phonograph  in  existence. 
I  mu  sure  that  while  scientific  men  may  doubt 
that  1  have  succeeded  as  well  ns  l  say  I  have, 
they  will  admit  Unit  there  is  nothing  at  all  ira- 
.  possible  in  what  I  claim,  nnd  that  the  germ  of 
the  perfect  phonograph;  should  such  a  tiling, 
uppeur,  w  very  clear  in  my  old  toy  of  ton  years: 
ngo,  which  was  exhibited  all  ovur  tho  country, 

‘  nnd  was  then  ucknowlcged  to  be  one  of  tho 
wonders  of  the  century.  Just  aoosider  for  a 
second  whutmy  old  phonograph  1b,  nnd  think  of 
how  little  is  needed  to  be  dono  to  bring  it  to  a 


working  instrument.  With  my  roughly  con¬ 
structed  instrument  of  1877  I  reproduced  all 
sorts  of  sounds,  getting  back  from  the  .phono¬ 
graph  something  like  tho  original  sound.  Of 
course,  you  havo  to  yell  into  the  thing,  nnd  the* 

thing  of  u  caricature  of  tho  origioal.  Nevor- 
Iess,  to  obtain  a  result  that  could  bo  understood 
was  doing  wonders,  and  most  pooplo  who  re¬ 
member  my  exhibitions  will  admit  that  while 
I  did  not  produce  a  commercial  machine,  I 
mode  a  very  credituble  attempt,  nnd  uiy  whist¬ 
ling  and  singing  phonograph  was  a  wonder.’ 

V‘ There  were  all  sorts  of  objections  in  de¬ 
tail;  to  my  first  instrument.  It  weighed  about 
r  one  hundred  pounds  ;  it  cost  a  mint  of  money 
to  make;  no  one  but  an  export  could  get  any- 
.  thing  intelligible  buck  from  it;  the  record  made 
by  a  little  steel  point  upon  a  sheet  of  thin  foil 
lasted  only  u  few  times  after  it  had  been  put 
through  the  phonograph.  I  myself  doubted 
whether  I  should  ever  see  a' perfect  phooograph 
ready  to  record  t  any  kind  of  ordinury  speech, 
and  to  give  it  out  again  intelligibly.  But  I  was 
perfectly  sure  that  if  we  did  not  accomplish 
this,  the  next  generation  would.  And  I  dropped 
the  phonograph  nnd  went  to  work  upon  the 
electric  light,  curtain  that  I  had  sown  soed' which 
would  coiue  to  something.  For  ten  years  tho 
phonograph  had  oomo  up  in  my  brain  automa¬ 
tically  and  almost  periodically.  I  -would  turn 
It  over  and  over  mentally  when  I  had’  nothing 
elao  to  think  about.  When  I  couldn’t  sleep  at 
•  night,  when  travelling,  when  worried  nbout 
business  affairs,  I  would  think  tho  phonograph 
,  over  and  would  jot  down  aoy  new  ideas  for  fu- 
'  thro  experiments.  Eight* months  ngo  I  began 
“  laboratory  work  upon  it  again,  and  n  month 
ago  I  stopped  because  I  could  see  no  further 

i  chine— -simple,  cheap,  effective,  not  liable  to  get 
out  of  order,  and  it  does  every  thing  tliut  I  ever 
hoped  tho  perfected  phonograph  would  do. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


MJt.  EDISON’S  AnVENTOKE.’’-'; 


frirwtific  jtmmfatt. 


S'  RE-ENFORCEMENT  OF  SOUND.  partly  close  tlio  mouth  of  tho  vase,  tho  resonant  qunli- 

nv  oiso.  a.  imwkikh.  X  ties  jnay  possibly  bo  improved,  as  ttio  inovomont  of 

Tho  re-enforcoinont  of  sounds  by  tlio  vibration  of  the  vubo  In  this  manner  amounts  to  tuning  tho  ro- 
conlined  musses  of  air  may  bo  readily  Investigated  eonator.  - 

without  apparatus,  that  Is,  such  apparatus  as  is  coin-  In  Fig,  11  is  roprosonted  an  experiment  in  which  the 
nionly  employed  in  acoustical  oxporlmolits.  A  very  mouth  Is  employed  as  a  resonator,  and  an  ordinary 

11  *  by  moving  tho  touguo  back  and  forth,  also  by  opon- 

-  ing  or  closing  tho  lips.  By  a  few  trials  a  position  of 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


te  Hll  ■ ! 


FOURTH  YEAR  OF  SUCQES& 


itO-Aililttiounl  copitw  of  (ho  pnpor  from  which 
tho  attached  nrliclo  woo  (niton  inn}*  ho  lmd  through 
this  ngouoy.  Nnino  paper  and  Its  diito,  and  number 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


tho  attached  nrticlo  wim  taken  muy  bo  hint  through 
(hin  Agency.  Niiino  paper  nml  Ha  <luto,  mid  number 
required. 

to  or  talcing  from  tho  original  directions  iih  to  topics, 


^sSJ^Adclitionnl  copios  of  tho  paper  from  which 
tho  nttnehed  nrticlo  war  tnlceii  nmy  ho  lmil  through 
thin  Agency.  Kamo  paper  and  iln  data,  nml  nunibor 
roquired. 

jjEQ-You  can  chnngo  your  order  nt  will  by  Adding 
to  or  talcing  from  tho  original  directions  an  to  topics, 
thus  onnblhig  you  to  rcgnlnlo  tho  clinrnctor  of  tho 
ucrvico  to  you. 


-■ v/  ^ 

. ^ /z-^-  . • 

a  c;;Qi'V.-n-C  _  .  /S'S'by. 


UW,  lungs  usury  U 

,,„«rveO,u  record, 

M,irr,ilon“r"i« 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


THE  • 


An  Evening  Newspaper  and  Review. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 

g  51  !  t=£ 


[PHOTOCOPY] 

'■'"•Ssajr— -- — 

'PsitjL 


<rtr 

-  ' 


..ui^uj . 


ztfczZSZD'  , 

/FUNNELS  FULL  OF  SONGS1  l&.L 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[ARTICLE  BY  THOMAS  COMMERFORD  MARTIN.  REPRINTED  FROM 
ELECTRICAL  WORLD,  AUGUST  25,  1888] 


A  DAY  WITH  EDISON  AT  SCHENECTADY. 


g^ASSlNG  swiftly  through  the  suburbs  of 
thu  sedate  old  city  of  Schenectady, 
cm  the  New  York  Central  Ihiilruud, 
||  and  glancing  carelessly  out  of  the  car 

scenes  of  Dutch  and  Indian  warfare 
of  two  centuries  ago,  one’s  attention 
is  arrested  by  a  huge  range  of  factory 
buildings  and  by  thu  numerous  signs 
of  pressing  activity  in  uud  around 
them.  Massive  and  handsome,  lift- 
'  ing  themselves  boldly  up  from  the 
lovul  meadows  of  the  Mohawk  Val¬ 
ley,  their  appearance,  as  one  after 
another  of  the'roofs  swings  into  the  line  of  vision,  arouses  curios¬ 
ity,  for  it  is  easily  to  ho  seen  that  the  place  is  thu  home  of  ail 
industrial  enterprise  of  no  mean  order.  Thu  contrast  with  the 

presented  of  busy  toil.  JJoyuud  the  factory,  as  it  lies  solidly 
athwart  the  view,  with  its  lung  facade  to  the  railroad  and  its  re¬ 
mote  rear  bordered  by  the  Erie  Canal,  winds  and  doubles  tlio 
placid  Mohawk  Diver,  hemmed  in  by  green  banks  and  girdled  by 
uprolling  mountains  well  away  to  tho  northward.  There,  in  the 
legendary  background,  thu  atmosphere  hangs  drowsily,  ns  well  it 
might,  over  tho  quaint  homesteads  built  by  the  ancestors  uud 
offspring  of  sundry  Dip  Van  Winkles;  but  hero  thu  air  is  astir 
with  the  sharp  outburst  of  steam  and  smoke  and  athrob  with  tho 
pulsation  of  machinery.  There,  along  thu  circuitous  highways, 
thu  heavy  wagons,  with  heavier  teams,  nro  hauling  siowlv  to 
market  tho  growth  of  farm  and  make  of  dairy ;  hut  here 


do,  especially  when  on  a  grand  scale,  are  trains  of  freight 
alive  with  men  unloading  raw  material  at  thu  factory  yard,  while 
others  at  half  a  dozen  different  points  are  carrying  away  the  tiu- 
islicd  product  of  tho  works.  • 

The  spot  that  has  thus  won  our  notice,  merits  it.  We  nro 
looking  at  one  of  the  greatest  exemplifications  of  tho  power  of 
American  inventive  genius,  nnd  at  an  establishment  where,  from 
beginning  to  end,  a  now  art  is  illustrated  by  now  processes.  Ono 
would  hardly  seek  for  tho  latest  developments  of  scientific  dis¬ 
covery  and  engiueuring  skill  in  this  peaceful  rural  region;  but 


— - -  in  Europo 

- - • - ••••»  »wwm.  » <»»2ii  tho  manufacture  of  tho 

appliances  of  minimi  electricity.  It  is,  indeed,  not  n  little 
ingulnr  that  the  quiet  city  of  Schenectady,  seated  by  tho  still 
■atere  of  thu  Molniwk,  a  home  of  peaceful  learning,  and  the 
centre  of  a  rich  dairy  district,  should  have  become  closely  identi¬ 
fied  with  thu  most  striking  advances  in  American  commcrcu  nnd 
iiinniifuctiirv.  Not  only  were  its  fortunes  at  one  time  fustcred 

[ireseut  time  is  so  great,  but  it  built  souio  of  tho  earliest  locomo¬ 
tives,  anil  nearly  sixty  yearn  ago  it  was  running  ]>usscngor  trains 
to  and  fruui  Albany.  To-day  it  has  ns  its  most  prominent  and 
prosperous  industry  tho  iiiiililifiicturo  of  ilymimo-clcctric  machines, 
electric  motors  and  kindred  apparatus  in  an  establishment  over 
which  Hunts  tho  name  of  Edison. 

There  nro  few  chapters  in  American  national  life  so  interesting 
ns  those  which  concern  the  careers  of  tho  inventurs—thu  men 
who  have  revolutionized  the  world  by  their  genius  and  their  skill. 

people  is  a  victory  over  tho  brute  forces  of  nature,  then  the 
scientists  mid  inventors  lighting  for  every  now  foothold  of  truth 
anil  struggling  to  master  somo  now  fact,  must  ho  accounted  tho 
worthiest  heroes  uud  the  essential  rulora.  Tho  unfamiliar  condi¬ 
tions  to  which  a  great  invention  introduces  us  bccomo  ns  inevitable 
os  the  laws  uf  magnetism  and  gravitation— until  wo  reach  a  further 

conduct, .and  these  in  turn  are  invincible.  Itisinovory  man’s 
power  to  escape  frunt  or  to  modify  the  fictitious  limitations  of 
polities  or  diplomacy ;  but  while  the  statesman'  is  astounded  to 
more  -geographical  expression  •’  transformed  into  a  vigorous 

- n,  and  wliilo  the  soldier  learns  that  Providonco  has  deserted 

tho  biggest  battalions  for  the  biggest  guns,  tho  inventor  from 
whoso  brain  spring  tho  steam-engine,  tho  oleotro-mugnot,  tho 
sewing-machine,  photography,  tho  electric  light,  tho  typo-writer, 
dynamite,  the  pistol,  tho  phonograph  and  tho  rock-drill,  knows 
that  it  is  he,  after  all,  -who  is  doing  these  things  and  dictating  for 
his  fellows,  hut  like  a  wiso  despot,  tho  now  terms  by  which  their 
happiness  and  their  very  existence  are  bounded.  It  is  tho  per¬ 
ception  of  this  governing  principle  in  modern  affaire  that  gives 


lillifLili 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


SHOWING 


ASSEMBLAGE  OF  DYNAMOS. 


HYDRAULIC  MOLDING  MACHINE. 


'i'liu  Imil- 


eo  mu}'  lie  veipiircd  for  expeditious  work,  for  it  often  happens 
lie  tlmt  laigu  quantities  of  tulie  in  wanted  in  a  hurry-  Last 

“  . . .  for  example,  SO,otlO  pounds  of  topper  rods  per  week 

S-  were  used,  and  worked  up  iuto  from  12  to  la  miles  of  finished 
lie  tulie.  Mr.  Krltcsi,  the  assistant  general  manager,  lias,  in  fnet, 
lie  done  much  here,  not  only  to  perfect  tlm  tulie  system,  hut  to 
ire  increase  and  simplify  the  facilities  for  iiinmifactllrc.  As  in  all 

no  ipiiek  handling  of  tlm  work.  From  first  to  last,  tliu  simp  gives 
in  lighting  is  concerned,  the  dilllciilties  of  underground  conduction 


THE  GRAPHOPHONE  AND  PHONOGRAPH. 

( For  Description,  see  Fa'ji  847.)  ,  . 


.Tmirnalj 


ENGINEERING, 


[INCOMPLETE] 


THE  ELECTRICIAN,  SEPTEMBER 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FOURTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1889 


O  'MjuSOv^. 


IT  CAN’T  BE  HONK, 


on!  »m I Q0,ect  0,1  fwr  the  property  liold- 


nrnCm^t|IVll  7,gil|Cer*  but  tl,cy  «#»  Hot 
prevent  the  electric  llcht  nconlo  from 


„  Or 


Jk±JSddd±l£^ 
/&OUi  I . . ’J} 


ELECTRIC  LIGHTING 


fm- 


FIFTH.  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


SEKEiSSSa  ?-S.¥ 

j  ivouS™ to1 htafc?bo‘!S!?olofln.itl‘° ff 


|  telephone,  Edison,  1 

I  JSk^J^S^PHK  l”«ura'%?STl3 


MIISTRY  ROMJBIKI’S 

Bni*e&n  of  pi<eSS  Cuttings,  \ 


- 7*— -  .  j^pfbo  tiL^covcroil  bywhich 

nthe^,  *My*e>;.4gC.  fcrSSffi - "• «* 

-jrC'  ...  SHpi  “““ 

I -upttah tf --  -  -  - ,  t  toje.irtrtdlr fronicoal  with 

SS 

(Fite  Many  Ete^^~  >— ■  —  pl»Jol  o»  tKoliVo  ", 


andcr  tlf  UlC  EI,cclrieaI  ^WWtton^vcn  j 


^Uercan'.' bo  mado cjommorclaHy! 


.  pilar so'j?Icc°( tSjoms^dngircqS’ont^ j  ^o.itlv?  S5Tslc(jn  rc^res  nochango^in  tbo1 
whieb  it  was  au  ton;  n  t  icnlly  governed,  [ 


p 

)S87 


o _ 

\  f  fi  . 


m 


t‘%  sy 


gfi'ADE  MOVEMENTS: 

growth. of .Donmndfor,'l^poTvri(ors4 

Eap^vEOisoii’ty  Invention i,:.  ,<m 


'  ■  ..  ' 


THE  .MAC'HINETALKS'jACK; 

Successful  Operation ;  of  the  New. 
"  P Apograph,  •  -  ■> 

TWO  WONDERFUL  INVENTIONS 


THE  JAPAN  DAILY 

I  '  TBS  'OSAPBOPBOifSlWyAPAN. 

American  inventive  genius  lias  just 1 
brought  within  our  rcacli  one  of  the  most 
.  wonderful  machines  ever  devised,  if  noli 
the  nfost  wonderful.  Yet,  like  everything 
I  really  great,  it  is  almost  absurdly  simple. 
How  many  years  have  elapsed  since  it { 
became  known  that  sound  is  propagated." 
by  distinct  movements  of  material  mole¬ 
cules;  that  it  is,  in  fact,  a  force  trans-v 
in. tied  through  a  sensitive  medium,  and; 
that  words  and  tones  are  simply  "waves " 
each  possessing- its  own  particular  ampli. 
tude?  All  these  tilings  were  familiar  to) 
past  generations,  and  we  are  actually  in¬ 
clined  to  despise  our  respectable  ancestors 
because  -they  never  conceived  the  plain' 
possibility  of  mechanically  registering  tliel! 
action  of  sucli  a  palpable  force.  There  is 
a  romantic  and  startling  element  in  the  no¬ 
tion  of  making  a  machine,  a  vulgar  mass  of;|| 
steel  and  iron,  speak,  whistle,  sing,  grunt, 
clear  its  throat,  stammer,  and,  in  short,  per-  ' 
form  any  and  every  evolution  Within  the  • 
range  of  the  human  voice.  Yet  when  we  : 
see  how  the  feat  is  accomplished,  it  appears  j 
mere  child’s  play  compared  with  tiic  much  I 
older;  achievement  of  using  electricity  to 
transmit  thought  at  the  rate  of  ten  thousand,! 
miles  a  minute.  In  tile  case  of  tiie  talking! 
machine,  nothing  was  required  but  to  con-' 
trive  that  the  sound  vibrations  should  bej 
mechanically  registered,  and  that  the! 
marks  traced  by  them  should  afterwards  I 
be  intelligibly  interpreted.  Doubtless-tile  ’ 
problems  solved  by  many  wonderful  in-j 
ventions  could  be  staLcd  equally  simply.  I 
But  the  graphophono  is,  in  sober  truth,  aJ 
charmingly  simple  affair.  In  appearance/ 
it  closely  resembles  a  sewing  machine/,' 
■The.  operator  sits  before  it  and  works’ 
a  treadle  with  his  foot.  The  weight  ! 

!  of  the  foot  is  almost  sufficient  for 
the  purpose:  no  conscious  effort  of 
muscle  is  required.  The  treadle  drives  a 
horizontal  roller,  and  the  motion  is  con¬ 
trolled  by  a  friction  governor  so  that  the 
roller  revolves  always  at  a  uniform  velo¬ 
city..  Other  mechanism  of  wheels,  pullies, 
and  so  forth,  there  is  none.  Into  the  i 
roller  the  operator  lits  a.liltlc  cylinder  of  I 
cardboard,  covered  with  some  shining^' 
black  composition.  He  then  hooks  on  the ] 


MAIL> .  TH..URSDAY)  JANUARY^;,  1880 

recording  diaphragm.  This  is  carried  in  a* 
metal  disc  so  adjusted  that  a  tiny  steel 
point  projecting  from  the  diaphragm  re-  1 
cords  the  latter's  vibrations  on  the  sur-  , 
face  pf  the  revolving  cylinder.  The 
operator  applies  his  lips  to  the  mouth¬ 
piece  of  a  tube  communicating  with 
the  diaphragm,  and,  in  an  ordinary  tone 
of  voice,  says  what  he  has  to  say,  the 
diaphragm,  meanwhile,  moving  slowly 
along  the  cylinder.  It  is  then  found  that 
on  the  surface  of  the  revolving  ^cylinder  a 
number  of  minute  hair  lines  have  been  I 
traced.  Their  form  or  sinuosities  cannot  j 
be  appreciated  by  the  naked  eye,  yet  they 
are  cut  into  the  surface  so  accurately  and 
strongly  that  they  represent  a  virtually 
imperishablc'rccord.  The  cylinder,  though 
only  six  inches  long,  with  a  diameter  of  an 
inch  and  a  quarter,  is  capable  of  receiving 
a  thousand  words ;  that  is  to  say,  as  many 
words  as  are  contained  in  a  leading  column 
of  this  journal.  To  reproduce  the  sounds 
thus  traced,  the  recording  diaphragm  is 
replaced  by  a  collecting  diaphragm,  which 
is  provided  with  a  tube  branching  to  the 
listener's  cars.  Once  more  the  cylinder  is  set 
revolving,  and  as  the  point  of  the  collecting 
diaphragm  travels  over  the  hair  lines,  the 
words  that  traced  them  are  re-spoken  ex¬ 
actly  in  the  lone  and  with  all  the  manner¬ 
isms  of  their  speaker.  From  a  practical 
point  of  view  the  uses  of  this  extraor¬ 
dinary  machine  arc  evidently  numerous. 

A  business  man,  for  example,  can  speak 
into  it  all  his  correspondence  and  leave 
it  to  be  copied  off  by  a  clerk  with  a  type¬ 
writer.  To  facilitate  the  operation  of 
copying,  the  graphophono  is  provided  with 
a  means  of  arresting  the  “  reeling  off  ”  nt} 
any  point,  so  that  the  copyist  can  divide' 
the  record  into  sentences  and  take  them 
down  one  by  one.  Then,  again,  of  the . 
everyday  nuisance  of  letter-writing  this 
machine  supplies  immense  alleviation. 

The  little  cylinder,  after  it  has  received  its 
tracery  of  microscopic  network,  is  simply  . 
enclosed  in  a  box  and  sent  by  post.  When  j 
it  reaches  its  destination — the  box  is  con-  , 
trived  so  as  to  pass  through  the  post  for  : 
two  cents — its  recipient  places  it  on  his , 
graphophotie  and  listens  to  the  tpsissima  \  . 

verba  of  his  distant  correspondent..  The.  C.0 


o 

1887 


PJL&-KS, 


'Ny  Jkons truktloia  ^LEJiai^fonograf^ 

j;)j:  i-’.r  '■■  vt^W?^j^dw\18''prto'be»i|i880«;‘ .{ 

Til  denihOjttsred&^MtdakUon  (tf  Aflonbladet\ 


\  >  tu'mlgindlObeQde  talrigoFoMapO^j 


lor :  angoaendo  >Ediaom 
mi g  hOfligat  otvonmod 


af  Jeg  0  J  ebllkkeligktm  Iw 


nto  i  ftHbedredo  >Foi>ogt»r  »t 


PAIT8  SCPNTIFIQUES  &  INDUSTRIBLS 


+rnal 

^....Mgembse - 


Le  phonographe  on  Allemagno 

to  voyage  do  M  filllll . ITTui  ii|in  a  remis  lo  phono- 

graphe  it  lu  mode.  Cot  inginloux  instrument  a  (Hi  prd- 
aentd  4  toutes  lea  illustrations,  et  ohacuno  y  a  dit, 
quelques  mpts  prioiouaement  vooueillla. 

be  phonographe  a  did  prdsentfi  4  M.  de  Bismarck  par 
M,  Wargemann,  roprisontant  do  K,  Edison  en  Alle- 
magno,  Co  ohanoeller,  apris  avoir  fredonnd  troia  chan, 
sons  a  icon (6  la  reproduction  de  diftdrents  inorccaux 
do  obant,  entro  autres  do  Marie-Madeleine ,  de  Masse¬ 
net,  obantie  par  miss  Sitvania  4  Pbiladcipbie,  et  du 
Tow  lie  valse  du  obantour  Paulus.  puis  il  a  dictii  4 
l’apparcil  uno  ddpSche  pour  son  flic  Herbert,  ainsi 
conguo  :  «  Sois  sobrc  dans  le  travail,  sobrc  dans  le 
manger,  et  mime  un  peu  dans  le  boirc ;  c’est  le  oonsoil 
d'unpire  4  son  ills.  »  La  prineesso  nyant  jou6  un  air 
sur  'lo  piano,  lo  cbnncelier  dit  au  pliouotjraplin  i  «  Jn 
mo  garderai  bien  do  ne  pas  applaudir,  quand  raa  fommo 

Le' prince  do  Bismarck  a  dit  au  reprdsentant  do  1'In- 
venteur  amiricain,  que  le  piionograpbc  est  plus  mcr- 
veilleux  encore  que  la  realisation  des  rioits  fantasliquos 
de  M.  de  Munobbausen.  oil  Ton  volt  le  (Void  congeler 
les  sons  dans  le  cor  de  c.1  usso  de  i’illustre  baron,  car  lo 
pbonograpbo  roproduitaix  iois  co  qu’on  lui  coolie. : 

-  On  tircra  4  10,000  exemplaires  les  pbonogrammes 
’faits  Chez  lo  prince  de  Bismarck ;  M.  Edison  a  l’inten- 
lion  de  romettre  de3  exemplaires  am  grands  itablisse- 
ments,  aux'autorltis  ot  aux  socidtda  en  Allemagne, 


in  Gianni  Bettini,  luitcnant  by 
legcr,  die  thans  to  Now-Yor 
bcoft  uotrooi  vorkrogon  roc 
klnnkscbri)  vor,  die  — 1 — 


vor,  die  volgons  bom  eon  belong- 
itoring  van  Ivili.nn’n  piinnof-ninf  zou 
o  monscbolijko  atom  zoo  dnidelijt 


.  lideiyk 

rgooft,  dnt  zij  in  eon  middolinatig 

trccbtor  -  of  Intis  door '  alio '  aan wozigcn  kan 
worden  goboord. 

In  boofdzaak  zijn  botdo  toostollon  hotzolfdo, 
dock  bot  bolaugr^  ko  oiidorscboid  bosthat  hiorln, 
tint  by  don  klankschry  vor  van  Bottini  inplaaU 
van  Wo,  vorseboidorio  straalvprmtgo  gcraog- 
echiUto  hamor-imldjos  do  trillingoii(  ran  bot 
glazon  plaatjo  op  don  cilindor  ovorbrongoo. 
l)aardoor  gaan  veol  minder  trilliogon  ver- 
loreu  on  wordt  con  ksank-volboid,  duidolijk- 
ikt,  dio  bij  tolopboon 

Tondon. 


Her  up ?t to  tl'iS’kl to  ”ngul ?»'  °  gla<1Iy  lc‘l 
1  Sho°]md  wough  SfU0’  fil>°  alWay8  SaW* 
Aw.tJVi°  l,",ohi"“il1 1,or  parlour  stood 
Slicwork  cit^fp  sLattC  th  °’l  Tlit°  ! 
And  over  tho  mantel,  in  cabinet  sizo, 


Io  Amo  on  Imb  photograph, 

And  iningmo  her  husband  alive  again, 
When  she  started  her  phonograph. 

Sho  Imrt  bSi'ySS Alim,,  fn.no 
^In  lovingnnd  languishing  chaff, 

Hy  this  wonderful  phonograph.  ° 

'  And  she  In  ovent  ofo  breach^  ^  *KMlfc* 
Of  Ids  promises  fair  had  adopted  this  nhm 
Of  gottmg  a  witness  to  "peach”; 

And  bold  indeed  u-ould  tho  wooer  bo 
'\l»®  bis  OTurUhip  would  flatly  deny, 
For  tills  talking  inachiuo  would  givo  him  a 
And  publish  tho  manifest  lie. 

“  Hcad  mcu,"  thoy  say,  *•  can  tell  no  talos, 
^  But  this  young  widow  could  hear 
11m  loving  tones  of  her  dear  dead  Jones 


^g^osoB.uPin-p 

^M^^pple^ietweoii  ’  Edison  ai 


*rI ona|ol  *Wr ;  Tho 


Sho  can  hear  "  tho  touch  of  a  vanished  hand,  . 
And  tho  sound  of  a  voico  that  is  still," 

oft^te7«£‘tB!fi0'1,y  t,‘” 8hMt 

i\s  ho  gropes  lit  tho  dnrk  all  over  tho  door 

Amirtb„Iit‘g0l,;r«d,f;oSIM,,  „ .  wonl 

That  begins  with  a  big,  big  I). 

■^Sh  *^55w,fu'S\2T*^”l  *  »ad 

But  women  aro  weak  ami  fomfof  ebango  ’ 

B,^t3lTroP&M' 


TomuniouV;  friends  :iniistoa-.  mat  tii 
tyhplo  dlmcutty arose  from  a  misunderstand 


OR  LAS K IE’S  COFFEE.- 

P<^M  O'  ......  .  j 

‘<^7  fS/f?  i 


\  .0 


z  rf~" 

3  ISiljQMFfE 
n  i^^REfiSK-iNSj 

•I>m  Wcom'piny  oK>lAdJan«va»wil 
ri  iir  »'4|??~?,by  TlialP -First  SlghtTo 
;lnm  .  or  Civilization.  ,  •  3 

II  UPSEir  BY~THP  PHONOGRAPH 

!%  ‘Her  'Exhibition 

SiS:  j-'lucli  for  the.  Simple.  JlfmU  0f  the  f 

S  .'.'WW  :■  Westerners. '  •  •.•>;  l-t 

Mt.  Si  Ii"lrl-i0t’  Uilf’s  :  g3i 

C  rrf'S 

i  ^ts&S&vm 

i  s^aats 

B  &iJ,HgSri0  ,md  ",0  ’"W  *° «“  ; 

rg 

fee'  *  die,  »na-l,o;i,na4ept  S 

filWl 

iillpilif 

A  wViij'bSK  lar& 

•  ‘io ',?.V  Hioirf  aliglit.'.  TJm? 
|ftSMonlr^ 

c  S'? f” '.  '  ‘'r;  ••" 

V  ';  ^ 


asSir?^1 

"»,  Pfrilii  .At  S  V  ;  8S 

^IFhWS  «  f  1»»  «f8« 


i  , 'v1 1 A c K P UL," OH 8T U nHfi.'-  i'Av-  '  t  /i'w 

llipplll 

lilfSSg 

^iS3f§lS!i 


saasjstss'ss'aL 

|ill#i|i 

s±f*s£=fi?li 


tts  wloln  unorgementta  Ttiy 
ry* *  *---  -J®P*ot8, ;  Ifo  /egfcfTeprodiifri  I 
Upn .  of  Munfl  nod  ,pIOstl‘”,g!lt;i^  ffi '  •  - 1 


joprcJodd  ptrr«|],,  ojft.ji 

5™'Sp|aE®«-| 

lh!m  dl^Tei'lbeVoo'*  PtoP'"  f"113  h“ri 

■a J 

/i  jtot.-puM'  »«a  tb.“w*y  tii. 


KSsssC* 


'  hjl^JUiaJL  ' 


I'll 

JOMOBEjWnoitDr/; 

flip.*  X>lionogratjI».-  v^~**^T?i 

M  bf  Edsar  SjvKolloy'i-  the  .  dlattnealaiiedl 
fM  layjsiclnn,  formerly, a^resldant  ot  Oafe-j 

ll!SSS?5i?jilS 

X  i-  took  with  him  1  William  II.  Wor- . 

s  »^He«en' 

i  sssprisi 

!  ilsiSii; 

l  ®aaK^i 

S  :pho!iosraph°rs  tfili  tlKTiwA’oJy 
t  f  f?25d5,  •‘OTtired  may  lie  rnlsoa  or 

'  M?OSZ*  1'o‘l’S"^ 

£S?- ■SbSSi  lSft ?°Pr“"°' “r »wnlialio: 
useful  in  triinsposiiip  paasugcs  or: 

pll^s|S| 

9bmm£s 


pAKUM!S3|g 

ithventIonUr?  UH?rVInos?o£  Mr.  Mtoon'aj 
{Spiff.  °'« moiti  rimnpk  ol'j.  ;ij.  Baitl 

F6^^er  iXi  oij(fEn*?  roc°rdlnR  aubjtnnob  j 


VMJjbffj. 

,  sfdU. 

,  77)o^ 

5  0-#d/T-lU4j- 
7*Usi&esa  ,  ?. 


;  1l)/yy\ .  ^  _ 


'^c<2^£/cc/c<i <adj„: . 


EDISON 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FIFTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


J How  Murderers  Will*  Erooutod: 
in  the  Near  Future. 


/experiments  by  experts. 


// . v;- . VV\ . - 

r-  £&. . 


18S4)  ^®^'' 


*'■  1  «  <I«  tiovt it  oil  iiou  ni,.n,li'  > 

Fmr  !‘l'r;  V8.f  'f  '“-'u  l'fi 

f2iaV.ho,Mif  ?  ^t(S  consacrdo  au  nhnnn.  J 

W.‘  V\ScL  lotfI, 


lo^nqtea^dotrectnqSaDTmlUce^ffiSrS^; 

;  CaaaiSsultata  ddnaiddrablosiBonMu^SI 
1  omploi  da-douxorgands  dtsKrio&'pfiurd 
;l’onrogiatroment  ot  pour. la  reproductions 
dessons  *  iuirusaga  i  d'un1  inoaveinfenla 
autamatique!;  au  remplacemaht  do  l’dtaUia 
pac'la  clro.; '  T> 

!  On  peut.>interrompro.TinacriptibiMtBt3 
•  onauito  la  prolongor, ;  salon  lba.l)esbinssj 
:  •fapparail  sora.  utilo :  -po& -.IitttMbUM 
mation..  node -las:  dictdoa  :  liw  mnihrtrnnJ 


gnemont  "'des^Tantpos.'  dtrangbresGilasS 
eons,  Slant  reproduits  fldalomont,  olcS'jM 
i  r  D’aillours;  des.  tubleauxidontlesldgpii-/] 
das  aontf-jr  re*.  onjanglats  facile IS jn-J 
prondro,  donnent  un  aparju  da  ipffiTqua^J 

Edison  so  rendra  i  i'Expositioir.rEn- 
lattendantVsbhfdmi- la.jcbloneli  Gourauifi 
,'OstinvltS  S:prondrb;Ia:  parbldot4EfaiiiB 
fonctionnor.  l'apparoil./  M  Gouraudirpro-j 
nonco  ot  fait  onregistror  la  potiUspeecbjirf 


omain  dan’s  leaTall rtS”'  'n0nc'0  fait  onragistror  lopotit «  spebetoi 
it  tout  aimplemont ‘(l'min  I  'suivant -o>  1 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


Co:»>*f -for;/  /ss'-i) 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


EDISON. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


606  EDISON. 

great  jars  of  evil-smelling  liquid,  phono-  Up  still  higher  we  mount,  and  come  to  a 
graph  cylinders,  covered  with  the  micro*  large,  airy,  well-lit  room  directly  over  the 
scopic  dots  and  dashes  which  are  the  visible  library.  One  end  of  this  is  occupied  by  a 
memorial  of  sound,  are  receiving  deposits  rostrum,  in  front  of  which  benches  are  dis- 
of  various  metals.  The  outcome  of  all  this  posed.  This  is  the  lecture  room,  and  here  at 
tentative  work  will  be  the  still  further  perfect-  least  once  a  week  the  staff  of  assistants  and 
ing  of  the  already  patented  scheme  for  limit-  their  friends  listen  to  a  lecture  on  some  topic 
less  redupl  ication  of  phonographic  records.  of  practical  interest  to  them,  delivered  either 

Then  we  are  shown  a  larger  apartment,  by  one  of  the  heads  of  departments  or  by  some 
wherein  are  arranged  in  frames  thousands  of  acknowledged  expert  from  the  outer  scien- 
the  glass  globes  in  which,  when  exhausted  tific  world.  These  lectures,  which  ore  given 
of  all  air,  incandescent  filaments  will  become  at  Mr.  Edison’s  sole  expense,  are  viewed  by 
a  source  of  grateful  light.  They  are  under-  him  simply  as  au  indirect  means  of  increas- 


[June  15,  1889. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FIFTH  YEAR  OF  ^SUCCESS. 


i  **— i  - --1  — im  tulitm  may  Jmd  tlmmgli 


lo  or  (ftlniig  (rum  (lio  nrigiual  <1im.tinim  nn  to  tophi*, 
u-rvico  to  you. 


m  Uic . XlJklj£S . - . - . 

BGcoc-.L.h'tsP . .:.KJy 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


IFTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


piptM  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


Church  Street,* 
js'ev.'YorKGliy, 

kpsr  ,ro 

r^lLlGEN^ 

tlilH  nijoiicy.  Nemo  i»nwr  nml  its  •Into,  uml  iroiuln* 
cnn  trlinlifte  ytmr  nnler  nl  will  lymMliin 
tlnw  cimtiliuH  you  to  riitululo  llio  durartur  o£  tlio 


J  *  t  .  -  __ 

. T-  z  i.  . 

DEATH  BY  THE  WIRE 


Why  Now  York  Physicians  Aro 
Oppose^!  to  Eleotrooution. 

IT  MAY  F^L/TQ  INSTANTLY  KILL 

A  Chat  With  I’rofcsanr  Cray,  tho  Dis¬ 
tinguished  Expert— Danger  That  a 
Criminal  51  Ight  lie  lies  tonal  to  Con¬ 
oclous  ness  After  Ills  Execution. 


used  cicuirieltjMn  lilt  prncllct/for  the  past  six- 


- N.  1*1  lirleo  In  1881,  in 

which  he  favored  the  kllMti?  of  criminals  liy 


trirlt/wMkmi 


3S; 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FIFTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


From  tiio . . .  4  OU(2-  fO  A"  4— 

. / . 7  '7;  A ,  n>V 


!  SOW  THE  STATE  HAS  AX  IXXIXO. 


S^S’Uraj 


Dmo . . I . ;  ■■  7_  ta  ~  ^>9 


m  PITT  EDISON. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


rOTTNDED  BY  HORACE  GREELEY. 

I  SUNDAY,  AUGUST  18,  1889;  ^ 

|  AN  AMERICAN  ABROAD. 

§  While  Emperors  and  Queens  are  receiving 

|  the  highest  honors  and  the  most  lavish  enter- 
|  tainment  within  the  province  of  royalty,  an 
|  American  has  commanded  a  characteristic  wel- 
come  in  Europe.  This  is  Edison,  whole  genius 
|  commands  the  homage  of  Paris,  London  and 
|  Berlin.  One  of  the  most  modest  and  least  1 

I”  pretentious  of  men— not  even  Franklin  had  I 
moro  marked  simplicity  of  manner— he  has  1 
been  received  in  the  preoccupied  aiid  distract-  | 
ed  l-’rench  capital  as  one  of  the  wonder-work-  | 
ers  of  the  modern  world.  Kings  and  princes 
have  visited  the  Exhibition  during  this  sum¬ 
mer  of  fetes  and  surprises,  but  not-  one  qf  the 
distinguished  personages  of  the  Old  Worid 
has  received  a  higher- tribute  of  appreciation . ' 
or  a  more  enthusiastic  welcome  than  this 
master. mechanic.  Even  royalty  has. joined  in 
this  democratic  greeting  to.  an  untitled  and.  j 
unostentatious  man  of  genius.  Tii.q  'English  1 
Queen  has  honored  him  by  sending  a.  message  1 
of  congratulation  breathed  from,  her  own  lips  | 
-into  one  of  his  phonographs.  V.  ...  1 

America  could  have  in  Europe '  no  worthier  ggj 
representative  of  the  consummate  flower  of  its  - if 
National  life  and  progress  than  this  modest  B 
scientific  investigator  and  hidiistrioiis.  mechan-.  || 
ic.  Its  chief  contributions -to  the  world's  stock'  §1 
of  civilization  have  been  the- works  of  its- in- ifi 
venters.  In  that  bcneliceno  iielcl  of  human  \  m 
.effort  its  sons  are  unrivalled  for  m-m-h'.-n.l  ski II, :  j'H 
habits  of  scientific  investigation  and  triumphs  j||| 
of  mind  over  material  forces.  While  tlio  p 
European  Continent  to-day  is  a  circle  of  camps  Ip 
swayed  by  the  caprices  of  sovereigns  whose  " 
inherited  functions  are  their  only  title  to  fame, 
America  has  expended  its  energies  in  working  ,  I 
out  an  industrial  development  that  is  the  mar¬ 
vel  of  Christendom,  and  the  real  leaders  of  its- . 
pacific  progress  havo  been  and.  are  its  in¬ 
ventive  mechanics-men  of  the  Edison  stamp. 


) 

THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD.  • 


182 


the:  electrical  world. 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


s 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


delicately  pivoted 
mul  heated  at  n  pr 


ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


181 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


198 


220 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


THE  ELECTRICAL,  WORLD. 


233 


280 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


[Vor.. 


’  /  A  SCIENTIFIC  SOIRfcE. 

BACHELOR  hoata  aro  the  most  pleasant  ol 
treat  as  such.  although  thoy  aro  married 


|gg <=f 

vocal  musio  ns  they  might'  dno  wines.'  Tho  dialogues 
had,mail  caoeol'that’ tvraog'whiih  the  Now  Englanders 
aro  uappoBod  to  havo  inhorilod  from  tho  Puritans.  Tho 
orchestral  mnoio  was  a  littlo  11  blurred  ”  in  toco,  but  tho 
rendering  ot  tho  voicos  was  porfoot. 

Edison,  who  is  tryjog  to  rnako  tho  world  “all  oars;'*:is 
Vbrydonf.  Whoff  yon  spook  to  him,  ho  holds  his  hind 
•  j'  behind  his  cars,  watohos  yonr  faos  intently,  and,  whoa  ho' 
1  catches  what  yon  say,  breaks  into  smiles  or  laughtor.  His 
tion.  cotmt"mnco  ‘ho  good-naturo  and  gobd-hnmonr’of 

t]jo  tho  “  Western,”  and  his  blnc-groy  oyo  lights  np  quickly! 


agroso.  no  cormtnauo  icncitanao  a  Edison  por 
cubrimiontos  y  dnndolo'  gracias  por  los  sorvi- 
0  ha  hcoho  a  la  cionoia. 
mutcmps  lin  saludndo  cl  inventor  nmoricano 
ibro  do  la  Villa  do  Paris;  M.  Whitolnrd  Roid 
iaunccy  Dopow,  on  improvisaoioncs  muy  ama- 
ra  Pranoia,  han  hcoho  cl  ologio  do  la  Exposi- 
dondo  « todos  los  paiscs  so  han  dado  citn  » 
sobro  lodo  Pranoia  la  quo  brilln. 
s  onco  han  dejado  ol  Hotel  Continintal  y  so 
nl  Palais-Royal  dondo  so  ha  hcoho  visitar  a 
i  la  instalacion  do  la  luz  clcctrica. 


-  0*  sf?  6$.  Zjj-  ^ banquet,  fort,  bien  servipar  la1 
. ±£<2ti ...dziMsZkzitZ---  mnison  pblel  et  Chabot,  a  did  trpuvd 


■I  iVoici  le  menu  de  ce  rdgal  de  gour¬ 
met:  :  . 

Polages . 

Parislenne  cl  Colbert  . 


Pilots  do  truites  glacdcs  h  rAmorlcaina 
■  Cuissot  do  chovreuil  moscovito 
Poulardes  Pdrigourdines 
CPtolelios  do  calllcs  au  Xdris 


1  '  Mousse  a  l’Armagnac 

Faisons  cl  perdrequx.truffis 
Asples  dequeues  d^revfsses  Villeroy 


-Pointcs  d'asperges  aja  francaiso 
Glace  liavanaise 
Bombo  Ncsselroddo. 


.  i  c  niiinnrT  n'cmcnu  oxccllont;  touLc  la  cuisine  a  dtd  faije, 

LE  BANQUET  j)  EDISQU.  pour  la  premidro  fois,  A  l’HOtol  do  Villa 

”  Ilior;aeu;liou,  dans  la sallo  ^man¬ 
ger  des  appai'lomenls  du  prdfet  do  la 
Seine,  ft  l’Hfltel  do  Villo,  le  banquet 
donnd  par  lo-  Conseil  municipal  au- 
grand. dleclricien  do  l’Amdriquo. 
i;.:  Edison  a  fail  son  enlrde  dans  lo  pa-! 
iais  municipal,  A  huit-hourcs,  au  son[ 
do  l’air  national  qmd.ri.csin,  fort  bien 
fcxdeuld  par  fa  musiquo  du  24°  do  li-j 
gno,  conduHe  par  son  chef,  M.  V'.| 

.BqnneUe. 

11  a  did  regu  par  le  prdsident,  en- 
tourd  des  montbres  du  Conseil  muni-1 
cipal  et.  assistd- du  seerdtairo  gdndral 
do  la  prdfecture  do  police,  M.  Ldpino, 
pt.de  M.  Alplian'd’,  directour  des trrin 
vaux  do  Paris. 

V  tlne'.cenlqine  da  convives,  compro-. 
riant,  'outre  les  .conseillers,  niuriici^j 
'pa’ux,  lps  directeurs  do  l’administra-.! 
tionetun  grand  nombre  de  notabilitds 
'du  mbridedbs  ihgdnieiirs  et  des'arcbi-: 
teetbs  i frangais  et  ‘dtrangers,'  a  pris 
place  autour  d’uuo  table  on  fer  a  che- 
,val  splendidomcnt  ddcorde  et  dclairdo. 

M.  Edison  dtait  placd  ontre  MM. 

Chautemps,  prdsident  du  Conseil  mu-, 
nicipal;  el  Jacques,  prdsident  du  Con- 
soiT  gdndral  do  lo  Seine ;  on  face, 

M.  Alphand;  a  la  gauche  de  M.  Chaur. 
temps,  M.  Yves  Guyot, .  ministro  dps 
travaux  publics  et  le  vico-prdsidentdP| 
la,  section  amdricaine.de  l’Exppsilioji 
universello,;  M.  Tuck. 

‘  A  la- table  d’honneur  so  trouvalt. 
dgalemont  Texcellent  peintro  amdrU-j 
.'cain  Anderson,  qui  fait  on.ee  moment! 

•le  portrait  d'Edison.;  II  a'  pris,  sdanco 
.tenan to,  m  (Qspqui.s ;clo.  la  ,#te  flow 
.  l’enYoybr  bp  Aprdrique;  :  ’  1 1 


Clmtcan-Yqucm  (Lur-Soluccs) 
Chatcau-Margaux  187S 
Muslgny  1874 


Pendant  le.  diner,  l’excellp.nte,  mg-: 
siquo  du  24°deiigne  ajoudlesmoil- 
leurs  morceaux  do  son  rbpertpire.  JEji 
voici  le  programme : 

Q ua tre-v i ngl-ntvf[m arctic).  G.  LamOTHE. I 
2"  Marilana  (ouvorlurc). , .  WauAcb. 

3°  Carman  (fantatste). .......  Bizet. 

4°  let  Clochet  de.  Cornmillt  ....  -  . 

(valse) .PwnWMWli 
5°  %es  rdeoteun  tl'Aiya  (mat--, 

i;  <•  clic  bongrolsc) . - 

0“  Robert  le  (liable. ........ . 

7®  'Le  Roman  d’Arlequin-.  :  ■  ■  '  I 

>  A.  Ciguo.  —  B.  Entrde  ,y  j 

d’Arlequin.— C.Bftverie:  . 

•  —  D.  Sdntnodc.  —  E.  Fi- 

,  nal . . .  Massenet. 

8»  to  Diamant  (galop) ....; ; '.  Jonas.- 
-  Au  dessert,  M.  Chautemps  so  ldye, 
.-jl,  aux  ajpplaudiwenij^^^i^w^ 


lorte  la  santd  ae  M,  iidison j-  niai% 
Icolui-ci,  qui  rie  parle  paa  notre  lan-j 
j'gilft,  so.'fait  ycmplacer .  par  son  roprd-i 
sentant  a  Paris,  M.  Rau,  lequol;  ;dnj 
jquelques  paroles  cordialos,  romercjo 
'le  Conseil  municipal  do  son  hospitq-l 

hw.  : .  . 

A  son  ioui’,  M.  Alphand,  au  nopq 
etcommc  doyen  des  ingdnidurs,  rdti- 
nit  dans  un  mdmo  toast  lqs  noma 
d’Edison  etde  Pasteur,' ces.  deux  bien-i 
faiteurs  do  rhumanitd.dont  la  gioira; 
d’hommes  utiles  dclipso  cello  des  cotf- 
qudrants . 

•Mais  le  vdritable  succfcs  a  dtd  pour 
le  discours  humorisliquo  do  M.  Tucfi,' 
.vice-prdsident.  do  la  .section  arodrir- 
caine  do.'  l’Exposition.  II  faudrait  Jp 
reproduire  tout  entier,  mais  l’espacb 
nous  manque  et  nous  nous  bqrnerqns 
t  en  oiler  quelques  traits  :  ;; 

«  Voire  Washington  et  noire  La 
Fayette.:,  la  Triniti  de  l' Exposition.' 
(MM.  Alphand,  Berger,  Grisori)  qui  a 
fait  une  nouvelle  crdation...  » puis  cet| 
dlogo  de  Paris,. «  dopiiis  sept  joins 
qiie  j’yrdsido,  a-t-il  dit;  jo  ri’ai  rdn- 
;contrd  ni  up;  homme  saqftj,  ni  jinje 
femme  mal  habillde,  ni  iin  enfant 
sale.  »  ■>  .■■•a,  t  ,  ..  .  . :  ' 

En  terminant*  M.  Tuck  s’exprime 
ainsi  :<(  (Tousles  peiiples  quiyiennent: 
h  •i’Expositioh j  •quelles-'  q,u(aient- 'did 
lcnijrs  '  '  preventions,'  remportent  dans! 
lours  pays,  Tadmiration  de  la  France 
etle  souveijiif  'de;s'a'cprdiale'hospi.ta| 
•Hdi  Ppris,a;fait,ainsj,  h  la  fois,/qeuvre' 
de  progrbs  et’de  paix. '»  t"ul  ••  j 

tDes  ■  bravos  enthousiastes  saluont' 
Ids.  paroles  do  Torateur.  ■ f j 
•:  [i-a  musiqup  (hjiitaire'jejidcuto  ajors 
la  :M'mveUkjjjfe,£  .llhy’mnp ,  national 
amdricain  queifes'iassistantsi  dcouton’t- 
debout,  v  ’.  7 .7.  .  7'  7 V?  A  n  ■  if 


t  Aprds  . la '  cafd,'tou t’f  lo :.'moiido  des-' 
icend  5ans  .  Ids' sou'fc-sofs.  pfdu'r'visiter 
j  Tinstallation'  dd  ,1a  ('jpachinerid  dlecr 
trique. servant. h  Tdclairageie  lTidtol 
|deViHo;  ...*?,«> -  1 

!  M,  Chautemps  prononce  alors  Td- 
loge  de  M.  Carnot,  non  pas  seulement 
comme  chef  de  l’Etat,  mais  aussi 
comme  ingdnieur.'  ■  , 

Plusieiirs  porsonncs  sonl  prdsen- 
tdes  &  M,  Edison,' parmi  Icsquclles,  le 
chefouvrier  dlectricicn,  auquel  le  sa¬ 
vant  amdricain  serre  alfeclueusement 
la  main. 

A  dix  heures.  et  demie,  les  invitds 
se  retirentenchantdsde  la  bonne  hu- 
meur  et  de  l’affabilite  d’Edison,  bt 
(important  uho  cxcellerite  impression 
dd  cotto  ’fdto  en  Thorineur  d’un 
horn  me  degbnie,  qui  est  en  mfime 
temps  untravailleur,/ vraiment  fils  de 
ses  ajuvres.  /  ;  . 

- '  .  Dr  A. '’Lamouboux,  ;  . 

I  'Qo'nseilier  municipal.  ..  i 


E7ENTS  IN'Jb'KAJNUJS, 


.  .  PARIS,  W: 

Mr.  EdiMffl,  ana~hi3  (uraUy  loft  Paris  tills 
raurtlUt'lw  Uonaany.  Tto  grcot  eloctrician 
hiis  boss  reooivad  in  "Paris  .with  moro  than 
lloyal  honours.  Ho  was  entertained  yesterday 
hy  .tho  Society  of  Civil  •Engineers,  M.  Eiffel 
was  unable  to  preside,  bnt  bis  rlaco  wos  well 
ltlled  by  bis  son-in-law.  After  lixnoh,  which 
took  nlaco  on  llio  first  platform  of  tho  Tower, 
iho  company  adjourned  to  M*  ‘  Eiffel's  apart¬ 
ments  at  tho  top,  whoro  M.  Gounod  sat  down  to 
tho'-  piano'  and  sang  aorno  lines  of  Alfred  de 
vr— .»*  to  tnusioTiy  lumsolf.  Botoro  leaving 


— M.  Eiffel’s  visiting  book,  prefacing  it  .with 
the" following  compUmont:  ‘'TopEilMTowor, 
Sentembc  If  1  >-To  SI  Eiffel,  tho  lira  3 
builder  of  so  gignntio  and  original  n  Bpeetmon 
of  niodorir  engineering,  from  ono  who  has  tho 
.grnrtost respect  and  adminrUon  for’  all  engi- 

lifers: 


rineessof  Soicneowhol 


L’impartialitd  nous  fait  un  dovoir  da 
mcntionnor  uno  autro  conversation,  dans 
liiquelle  M.  Edison  a  protests  contro  cer¬ 
tains  propos  qu’on  Jui  a  fait  tonir  au  sujoS 
do  Paris  et  do  Berlin  : 

ou^  poino  lo  tomps  do  voir  BorllnV 
visitor  los^asinos  et  los^postos  d’dkctricit”  ^ 

grand  dtonnomont,  quo  quolqucs  ‘journuux 
franuois  sitaiont  boaucoup  trap  prioccupda 
do  co  trfis  court  voyago.  On  a  mOmo  racontu 
quo  J  avals  dOclard,  dans  mon  plionographo, 

!  ic  B  i  i  lit  i  i  -o  [ 1  i  a  1  , 
ns.  Cotto  itrango  opinion  dtonnora  tout  Id 


rranco.  luen  uo  tout  cola  n’osl  vral.  Jo  n’al 
pas  conliO  la  moindro  parolo  a  mon  phono- 
grapho,  quo  jo  sals,  d’aillours,  tris  Indlscrot- 
ot  jo  nai,  cortcs,'  pas  portd  un  pared  juge- 


—  Oui,  jo  suis  alio  onsuito  4  HoidelbergJ 
J  ai  .montrd  mon  phonogropho  4  la  Ooruiaii 
Science.  Association;  puis  jo  mo  suis  rendu 
4  Londrca,  et  do  14' 4  Paris. 


Una  andedota  de  Edisson. 

Refiere  un  pcricjdico  ainericano  que 
el  fainoso  Edisson,  el  dla  de  su  matri- 
pionio  con  su  primera  mujer,  incurrid 
en  una  de  las  mayores  distracciones 
de  su  vida. 

Despues  de  la  ceremonia  nupcial, 
le  asaltd  la  idea  de  la  posible  solucidn 
deun  problcma  sumamente  intrinca- 

(do,  en  el  que  pensaba  desde  hacla  nw- 
chd  tienipo. 

'  Sin  decir  una  palabra  sc  separd  de 
la  novia  y  de  los  convidados  y  corrid 
dencerrarse  cn  su  Iaboratorio. 

La  sejiorn  Edisson.  nue  conocla  las 
exccntricidades  de  su  esposo;  se  re- 
signd  por  aquclla  vez  d  renunciar  d 
la  compact  fa  del  celebrc  inventor. 

Pero  cuando  ai  despertarse '  por  la 
mailaua  no  enconlrd  d  su  inarido  d  su 
lado,  comenzo  d  cntrislcccrse,  liasta 
que,  no  vidndolc  aparecer  en  todo  cl 
dla  ni  d  In  nochc  siguiente,  decidid  irlo 
d  biiscar  al  labor.uorio. 

Ajll  lo  encoutrd  durmicudo  tranqui- 
llamente,  vestido  con  el  traje  de  boda, 
marichado  de  aceite  .yde  sustancias 
quiniicas.  ,  !  '  * ’•  • 

1  rritada  ante  aquel  cspectdculd,  la 
esposa  se  decidid  d  despertar  al  ingra- 


;  Edisson  la  contcmpld  sonoliento  y 
le  Suplicd  que  le  dejase  sdlo  con  sus 
pensamientos.  \/)t\f  I 

La  pobre  inujcr  sc  retird  llorosa  ) 
como  quien  ve'visiones. 


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injdlji'iaet  ;  Stiiige’ 

uflljolen;  unb  fclit  ©cbfitfjtuig  ift>fo?0Ufi 
.  jiaanafQSafjreii  ocmUfjm  tuetbeii: 

ttbiffirausnnsi 


.0*'  bie  Kttue;  bie  .  ©aubertelt,'  bie  IBenauigreit  uiib  'Scut.' 

,  mit-  _  bet  et  ::  nun:,  funitionirt.  3n  fnvis, 
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"a  " .  k!“  ““  r,ei  ben  crpcii  Sorten  feine  ©tiimiie! 

nee,  Jobe  Bctbuiing,  jeber  ©djubrtci,: 


SBeitniiSftillung,  bi 


18  ocl'cii  unb  ©cufcn  bet  ‘Stimuli’  tom  jo  bcuilid)  jinn  Sill?* 
uff,  bnfi  nton  ben  ©finoci-  faft  not  fid)  ju  TjnDcit  giauben  loitnie,; 
nb  fliirmifd)  brnufte  nod)  bcm  Icjjtcn  Eoue  bcr  jpibelnbe  fflei.; 
Ti  ber  bnmaligcn  fPariier  3utj8rcr  in  bent  Berliner  ©nnle' 
,.-ieber,  bod  jpanbctlotfdjen,  bad  „Da  capo“,  bod  „bia“  unb'*-*' 
;fro()ii(I)e  Sodjeu,  itbcrbaucrt  Don  belt  tieriialienben  Ie(jten  SI1 


Jtiarinctle,  bie  fdjuellften  XTriufe,  S,., 

£°)>l>c(gti[fe  in  uerbliifr'eubec  Sreite.  _ . . _ 

fciiic  d)arattcrlftifd)e  griiDmtg  ttMrb  lulebcrgegcbeu,  tiid)i  b 
.(Bejuugcne  nliciit  toniite  moil  erfcniieii,  foubcrn  ben  ©Snger,-; 
lucidfcn  bod)  bie  i)cr[djiebencn  ajiufirpicccit  neiobe  in  bielerf 
Sejieijiuifl  non  cinniiber  ab.  (23  ift  nidjt  ju  uiel  gcfagt,  memu 
beljauptct  luirb,  ba&  bcr  gjiioitogroplj  bie  SEone  mil  mcit  nriSfjererj 
(Seunuigfcit  unb  3m>cil.iififlfclt  fcpiiSit,  old  ber  Sdiueli. 
piiotograpi)  bod  SBiib.  $cutc  ortifulirt  cr  bcrcitd  norlrcffliA.i 
bad;,,©",  lucicf)cS  ibni  orotic  Sdjiuicrigtcitcn  bercitctc,  probuclrti 


felbft  iieroildjuijbren  licrinciiitc.  TDlcfcd  Stiid  loll/ 

wie  bcrmrodjcn  miirbc,  jur  grinnemng  on  Qblfoh'd 

. crftcu  Bejud)  in  Berlin  mtdj  belli  flnlfer  Oorgcfftljtt 
m  ni".i  wen,L'  wil-,yn“  Wft  eS  04  ermSglidjen  Kfjt,  cine 
fflcfWjtioimg  bc8  ©bi[on  icijcn  Sunbcrapparatcfl  mit  belt  SDifl« 
tc8  tfmfevd  Oeafifllid).  feiucc  IKeifcn  in  (Sinlfona  ju 

mnWtmoM  in  SBcrlin  fclbjl  ift 
\ufor  ben  ©onntag  rjiunuS  folvb  cr  fid)  town  evftvctfcn.  -Ser 


. ..r  uoritbcrgcijenb  Ijlerfjer  iiirQd>: 

Dcgvflficii  .ju  Kmtcu.  Unicr  |oidjen;Um«; 
fiaiibcii  ijl  ber  aiorfdilng,  ben  SBetuct  Siemens  geiua^t 
bat,  ffibifon  nadi  Ocibelbcrg  gut  3lntnr{ot|^et.Ser«' 
Jainmiung  jii  ffibrcn,  im  fPrinjip  fo  gut  wie-ani" 
jflciiommcn,  elite  fiir  bieje  erlcfcnc  Bcrfammlung  gettiib  frcublge! 
“^“'■dldjiutg,  unb  cd  Iiaubelt  fid)  nur  bnrain,  bit  auf-bcn', 
f28.-.' b-  ®td.  fc|}gcic()te  OiOrciic  Sbijond  nod)  Slelotjort  via  $aorc; 
[mit  biefein  Sliidflug  in  Siniioiig  ju  bringen.  j 


ic  bet  elcttrifdicn  Sentroiflnlioncn  in  Berlin,  Dei  be..,.., 
dperr.Oiotijenau  bie  grdjrinig  fibcmfnunt,  Tjcute  blbeub  tulrbiet; 
StudRciliing  bie  ciettrifdje  StiiSfieiiuiig  ;t>on  ©ieiiibiid.  unb 
'  beRdj  igcn.  Eer  inorgije-  ©onnobenb  mlrbl.vi*’ 
fiTjiiiicTicr  ffieife  nuSgciiiiit :  ffliorgendi  WoIint  .  SblfoniSeiiiet! 
Ttnbcllcgimg  bci,  bairn  tonuiit  :.-  bie  ■  Bcfidillniiitn .  »bet‘ 
SieinciiS  u.^oldte'fdicn  SBerTe  in  SOoiTottenbnrg  an  bie  [Reibe,1 
ber.nfidjfie  S3cjud)  gilt  beni  9)I)t)PtnIiid).tcdinlfd)cn  Sbci^Siiiflitut 
unb  am  bindiinlttag  enblid)  bcronftnltct  ffleruer  ©iemend, bein’ 
fflefeierfen  cin  5ep  in  felncr  Bitla  in  Sf)nrIottenb)irg,.  bei'bem 
bem Ponograpbenitoe  l  etne-$nu|)trSIte.a  idle,!  b  baS.S 
gnfigen  ,ju  .S.WI,  Merben;  to  rb,  ibieffleTaiiniftbaft;  berborraiifiibet 
Tffinfller  oon  fBetiin  ju  mn$en.;  r  JIrLcLu.  H.'  si 


p 

/ss7 


^’EXPOSITION  UNIVERSELLE 

I  LA  PHONOGRAPHIE  ul 

l.o  nouveau  plionogrnplio  do  M.  Edison 
jsoni  ccrlainoinenl  imo  dos  moid'l'lHWo' 
■CO  sibcic.  Au  iIAbut,  on  a  ossayA  do  ridi- 
jcullsor  la  dccourerto  dll  grand  itivoniour, 
puncricain,  et  I’Acaddinio  dos  sciences  do 
ll’aris,  so  roliancliaut  ilorriAro  sa  linulc: 
jinrnillibilita,  uvait  iloginatiqiiomonf  dA-l 
jclai’e  rnbsuiilituot  io  lieant  dos  premiers 
;essuis.  Ellos’csthion  ravisAo  a'ujoiird’hui, 
da  doelo  ussomblcc,  ot  e'est  avee  los  plus 
jclmlcurcnscsiijlicitntiousqu’oiianccucilli 
|  Edison  ot  son  nouvol  inslrainont. .  Nou- 
voau,  on  oiTet,  car,  si  lo  princlpoost  rcstA 
.an  fond  idenliquo,  la  construction  .  do 
ll'apparoil  est  bien:  diflurento  ot  il  asubl 
nombro  do  modilicntions  ossonliollos.  of 

nipux.  U.bp  mombfaiic  vibrant  sons  1'lm- 
puision  libs',  biidos  soiioros'  do  la.  voix 
dense,  au  mbycu  d'un  slylot  qui  lui  cst 
lixb,  dos igaiifrngcs  sur  nil  rouloau d  etain. 
.On  congoit quo,  lorsquo  lo  son  licossA  do 
so  produiro,  on  pout,  on  faisant  ropassor 
do  stylet  par  los  mAino  rninuros  et  lirbui, 
roproduirolos  sous  primilivomont  Amis. 
'Cost  co.qui  nliou.. 

Tontofois,  on  a  constate  d’abord  quo  le 
j phonographs. avail  un  organo  nasillard  ot 
jgrblo,  ot  qnsuito  i  quo  la  moindro  irrAgula- 
>ritA,doimnit  nnissanco  a  dos  bnltomonts 

iilosons.  ;  . 

j  Aujourd'liul,  olgrilce  aux  dormers  pots 
|fcclionnomonts,  cos  Inconvenionls  ont 
IcbmplAtomont  dtsparn.  D’abbrd  l'apparoil 
onregistrour  ost  (ibsolument  distinct  do 


aveotino  purotA  d’audition  irrAprochablo. 
:Le  timbro  do  la  voix  ltumaino  ost  absolu- 
mont  conserve,  au  point  quo  dos  artistos 
jOnt  pil,  non  sans  un  legitimo  Atonnemcnt, 
,8’cnteiidro  chanter  dans  lo  piionoghipiio. 
Dcs  musiquos  militairos  orit  jouA  dos  airs 
iiqtionaux  qui  ont  616  fldAlemciit  rApAtAs 
pdr  lo  mcrvoilloux  instrumont. 

'.Ainsi  porfoctionnA,  on  volt  quels  iiii-l 
m'otlsos  scrvicos  pout  rciidro  lo  pliono-' 
firapho.  Son  ailjouction  a  la  tAlAgraphio, 
son  ernploi  dans  los  transactions  coin- 
.moroinlosotiniiustriellos,  duhslessAances 
‘dils  SociAtAs  scientiliqties,  sont  indiquAs 
d’avanco.  Et  qucllos  codsdquenccs  im- 
, menses  pour  l’avonir  I  On  dit  quo  JI.  Edi¬ 
son  l’ti  ilAjA  in  oil  iti  6  it'iino  lapon  trAs  ori- 
ginnlo  pour  los  chomins  de  for.  Son  nouvol 
■appareil,  lo  linguaoruphe,  plnoe  sur  ln- 
lpcomotivo  d’uu  train  en.inarche,  annon- 
coruit.d'nno  voix  Aclatanto  lo'  nom  doW 
stations,  l’npproclio  d'un  tunnel,  le  piis- 
sago  d'uno  riviAre,  el,  on  ens  do  peril, 
annoiicoriiit  aux  voyagours  do  quitter 
lours  places  au  plus  vile  I  •  e-"- 

Puisque  nous  AnumArons  los  bienfails 
du  pbonograpliP)  il  nous  faut  atissi  parlor 
do  la  inodillcation  extraordinaire  np- 
portAo  par  M.  Graham  Bell  au  lAlAphone; 
CCS  doux  questions  sont  connoxos,  car.il 
ost  question  d'nmalgatnor  onsomblo  Pcs 
ilottx  dAcouvertos,  of  II  on  sortlra  pout- 
81ro  uno  dos  plus  grnndos  inventions  tlu 
stAclo.  DAjii  los  IndiscrAtibns  dos  jptfr- 
niiux  oni  signalA  au  public' Uno  dos  id66’s 
d’Edison,  collo  do  la  reproduction  A  dis¬ 
tance :  par  oxcmple,  voir  do  Paris  cdqUl' 
se  passo  A  un  moment  donnAiV  Now-YoHrf' 
nil  coin  do  la'cihqulAmo  avonitb,  ou  A'Ain- 


A  —  -Is' 8  ? 

LETTRE  D’ALLEMAGrNE  ^Er|^rs^i: 

«cZAnEv.icnC?)SpJtfNailtE1(A(nEi  - 
.Edison  otio  Cwo  Jh  muMcZ^Mm'1 

SHePS^SI;  SsSSSSf : 
^wasiSSS  '^p»ssssssx^ 

:on  -AUM^nn“Valent  l!18  4M  aocordds  Jusqu'lci  d  'mfuonaPMni0li08^^DQlto^Rermond'dca  6Ida- 

fay**  ‘ 

ES’-SMti  5Ss-^-”"“: 


»tog^:to.«wn|lto, in;Jo_dirai,:tout  d’abord!,  qu'Elleon  a  ohbiei! 

manrahle  *•»  pour  now  dire  u 

™  ssffimr  r 1  *  ~E£$ 
.oosxs^r™ 901  *•■•  SK'srrat 

^Czarevitch.  On  a  soulemoht  beauJUS'vf8  au-  001111118  m  P^nco  du  sang  lo  prlnco  do  la  science  •• 
iflud  quo  lea  troupes  qui  a  SZP  Z"l  quo  dIa'i9.  ^  l'ont  accucUU  mleui  encore  “ v 
dorme  la  halo  «ur  lo  poasago  dodEmDeroif^"^  ■'AaU>a  d°  tmf"  “  t™  4«  3  ,  oi  »' 

SS'HiiSS  SggSSjBi&B 

tssisssr.’-jS’^  iSasajaab^iSS 

mavroa,  do  clcorono  au  leuno  grand-duo  “  ^ialtat  noa  installations  dleotrlquoa  qu’il’no 

rHSS^”1^ 

doniAlri io?°3  roqila!3  d°la  vlalto  du  Czar.  Sou'-’  :«pw#mt '  pas  S00  ciieyaui.  iTad'emandd  oii’on  1 

g|S3SSaS 

toM£an^?>  apo^05Uo  coa-d4mbnatr»-  :S Bdlaon  aouauaal  los  hounoura  d'un  dlnor  dbf 
ralont  o*  fnaccoutumdoa  pour-j  iff**  oilUafallliun  Instant  voir  pailraon  astral 

,un.m„  n«o«W08  &  Saint-Pdtorsbourg  ot  A-  (dpvant  Taurfiole  do  grdco  ot ''do  charmo , da  kehi 


2-.JJ- 


engineers,  who  invited  him 
Brussels  on. his  way  to  London..  lie  i9 
expected  to  loavo  for  England  at  11.80 
to-morrow  morning.  ‘ 


■Z.A 


7|r 'flfti'oT  Et  T’EitPQjirfrnM-i  -■ 

feiiifiipil 

»ss$ms 


signal;  1 

done  coopircr  4  la  perfection  . 

sortaientde  leurs  presses  1  ... 

La  phalange dcsdditcursqmfirentdelapomi-, 
que  cut  aussi  ses  jours  de  combat  et  les  liarbin 
erics  Ladvocat  n'eurent  point  touiours  leurs 
volets  en’ttrcmcnt  ouverts ;  touteiois,  la  pro¬ 
fession  d’iditcur  a  pris  comme  toutes  les  au- 
tres,!dcs  allures  plus  calmesjily  a  bicn  encore 
I’dditeur  vieux  jcu  ou  qui,  da  moins,  veut  pa- 
rattre  tel,  mais  quelle  dilTjrcnce  entre  cux  cal¬ 
mest  bfiats,  sfirs  du  lendemain  et  leurs  prode- 
cesscurs  du  quinzifcme  ct  du  seiziemc  sifcclc  t 
Aucun  dc  leurs  enfants  probablement  nc;  pour- 
rait  reciter  la  Midee  d’Euripidc,  mats  qu  1m- 
portc,  il  ne  s’agit  pas  de  cola.  La  t&che  dcs  dy¬ 
nasties  prisentes  esf  plus  simple;  les  bouti¬ 
ques  d’iditcurs  prennent  peu  a  peu  quelquo 
chose  dc  modernc,  de  confortable,  de  gat 
mfime.  Ccla  tient  peut-fitre  aux  'couleurs  tern 
dres  des  couvertures  dcslivrcs;  et,  autant, 
nous  aurions  plaint  les  Etienne  l«f,  II  ou  III, 

les  caws' humldcs* olt  fonaionii&rcn?  les  pre- 
tTansTcs  boutfques-salons  des  libraircs-edlteurs 
de  noire  temps,  nos  fulurs  associis  ch  glolre  et 


Dans  la- dynastic  Firmin-Didot,  des  biblioi 

philcs  ct  des  savants.;  des  hommos  du  mondo 
qui  sont  ch"  ihfemc  temps  dcs  philanthropes, 
Lcur  itablisscirtent  de  Normandie  cst  un  mo¬ 
dule  dc  pr6voyancc.Au  nont  de  II  ache  tie  soul 
Venus  sc  joiridre,  pour  la  plus  grande  prospi-. 
ritide  laniaison,  ccux  dc  ses  gendres :  Briton  cl 
TcmpUcr.  Dans  le^vlcil UdtcMc  srhiuu  ol|ui« 

mais*  *son  fils.0lcillbatafrc  cndiirci,  assoclc  4 

ses  travaux  son  bcati-frerc  Nourrit  ct  scs  ne* 
veux.  Dentil,  qui'  fut  un  fanatjque  dc  sa  pro¬ 
fession  n’a  latssC*  que  deux  fillcs;  c’cstcclui 
des  iditcure  dc  noire  temps  qui  '  a  tappclfi  le 
plus  les  rudes  travajllcurs  d  autrefois  .  il  so. 
Faisait  gloirc  cTavoir  * {-H1/  -  la1  mSfson'iTun 
rappcler  sej  mam- 
cliSsdc  lustrine  ct  ce  labour  qui  no  lut  a  ja¬ 
mais  laissfi  le  temps  de  diner,  ce  qui  a  ayancC 
ses  iours,  car,  apriss  une  dlfctc  aussi  longue,  tl 
rentrait  i  PassyV*  la  nmt  ct^ungcalt  cn 
aflame  un  souper  qu  il  digirait  ma  au  iu, 
•S5s  aussi  il  it  laissd,  dit-on.  cjnq  millions. 
Jouaust,  1’Miteur  dcs  bibliophiles,  a=  une 

fille  et  dcs  fils,  qu’il  ne  destmc  pav  assua.t- 

h  I’imDrimcric,  qui  a  6to  sa  passion  tou 


sssssifu 

fu squ^au"lendc ma^n  ; ' M°lo must,  lui.  cnuc  sa 

SSK  SS»  ih: 


aot»,  a  irunu,  xiouuo— ,  vv  ,\j. 

4^0  (Corner  of  Burleigh  Street). 

'  ROMEIKE  &  CURTICE’S 

PRESS  CUTTING  AGENCY. 

*2002"*'  Established  1852.  romei^lcIIn'don 

Newspaper  Cuttings  from  the  Press  of  the'  World.  (Flies 
Searched,  Translations,  Reporting,  &  all  Press  work. 
Special  Information  on  all  subjects. 


Troizitae  Anndo.  —  N*  040 


Lc  Numdro  5b  centimes. 


Samotli  12  Octobi’o 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FIFTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS 


~./4 


ai^^on^raphTEaraoDlSMyEFnimiiV 
er  tant  du'iUMWIiPBBBaud;  l’ut  c  id 
td’Edlaon  on  Europo,  priall  aujourd'hiil  las  mem;' 
•brosdo  la  proaso  do  voulolr  onlondro  uno  audl- 
;lion  An  phonograph  ptr/ulionnS  Edison.  ■;  4.?,$ 
-  .Nous  avons  assisie  a  cello  audition  et  devons 
■  ajouter  fort  pou  do  chose  d,  l’arllolo  quo  nous 
tconsaorions  a  l’apparell  4  propoa  d’uno  premiere 
■audition,  Io  14  julllot  dernier,  o  .  ;  i  .l 

&!  Dos  perfeotionnomonta  apporlds  4  la  construct 
■lion  du  phonographo  ot  apdolalomont  quant  4  la' 
jnaluro  dos  styles,  actuolloment  on  sapltlr,  ot-dq 
!la  matidra  dont  eat  fait  lo  rouleau  rdcoptour  du 
iphonogrammo .  permottont  d’dvltor  l'eapdcd  do 
iJmileaemont.do  crdpltemont  qul  .dans  lea  pro-' 
imldres  oxpOrloncea  accompagnalt  la  repetition 
[desaons...-  ,  -y  •  l;V- 

ii;lai  reproduction -dos  son's  enrogislrds  i  Sat 
iauiourd'huij  d’une  aurpronanlo  Ilddllld,  tant  ad 
(point  do  vue  do.la  hauteur  ot  do  l'lntonsltd 
sal'alssablft  de  ''u0  du  llm>>ro.  P1us  dimcilomoii^ 
kiM.ICadon  nous  asorviquoiquoa  Iranohoa  blen^ 
[cqnsorvdes  do  l’dloquonco  do.M™  la. prlndosso' 
rae-Gallcs,  .do  Mgr  ■  lo  prlnco  - do  Gallos  ot'  dui 
ne  great  old  man  »,U.  Gladstone.  C’dtait  dvidom-l 
[ment’14  uno  dloquence  do  .cireonatanoo  ot  pOu 
OTopro  4/,falra,appreOIor  l’lntolleot  do  cos.  Htua'-j 
itresporspnhagos/ .inals .  ait :  molnsronlendalli6W 
lo  don  do  lour  yoix.ot  lour  accentuation;  ■ v  t'U 
jr.Eo:  phonographo  load  ftaa'lnlrodulro  'dansrl^ 


jlfd’ulillso'r  lo  phonographo 
rornoments  dos  navs  oft  s'dtal 


louera/au  lieu  do  les  vondro,  pour  dvllor  l’ira-J 
portatlon  du  phonographO  dans  Ica-p'ays  dorit  lo, 
Kouvor:  .  E-cut n'aura  j  as  a,  held  io  droll  d'e  xplol-j 

gilwllndrooapablo.d’onrcglalror  2  4-300  Odl 
rlcs  do  phrases  plus  ou  moiiis  musipalos  so  yon-j! 

Svlron  SO  centimes,  Chauuo  oyllndro'pourra-! 
iaainor.olnq' minutes,  do.  l'dloquonco  (d’ttn  j 

ra  mmo  dlaorl.  II  oat  mdmo  dos  opparolla  dont  la 


Orange  Chronicle 


Saturday, 


Nov.  2,1889,  page  7 


Edison  Electric  Railroad  Experiments 


Thomas  A.  Edison  is  making  arrangements  for  a  series  of 
extensive  experiments  in  electric  railways  with  a  view  to 
developing  a  new  system.  Arrangements  have  been  made  with 
the  Orange  Crosstown  and  Bloomfield  Railway  to  use  the  spur 
from  the  stables  to  Valley  Road  and  Edison  will  at  once 
begin  to  make  changes  to  test  his  system.  It  is  to  be  an 
underground  system  —  a  center  third  rail  to  be  placed  in 
the  road  bed  and  power  is  to  be  transmitted  from  this  to 
the  motor.  An  electric  car  is  to  be  operated  on  the  branch 
and  passengers  carried. 


Orange  Chronicle  Saturday,  December  21,1889 


Experiments  in  electric  traction  by  Thomas  A  Edison  are 
progressing.  Track  from  the  stables  along  Vfashington  Street 
to  Valley  Road  has  been  prepared  under  the  superintendence  of 
Hr.  A.  E.  Kennelly  of  the  electric  department  of  the  laboratory 
At  each  joint  a  hole  was  dug  and  the  web  of  the  rail  cleaned 
both  inside  and  outside.  A  dozen  pieces  of  No. 6  copper  wire 
were  placed  against  the  rail,  a  lump  of  clay  applied  for  a 
mould,  and  hot  solder  poured.  By  this  means  a  perfect  electric 
circuit  is  formed  the  entire  lengthnof  the  line.  A  pole  line 
from  the  laboratory  to  the  road  has  been  constructed. 

Car  No. 6  of  the  Crosstown  Line  is  at  the  laboratory  being 
fitted  with  a  new  motor  invented  by  Mr.  Edison.  The  system 
is  one  of  direct  current  from  the  laboratory  through  one  rail 
of  the  track,  crossing  over  through  the  motor,  and  returning 
through  the  other  rail. 

The  motor  car  will  be  finished  in  a  week  or  ten  days  and 
experimental  runs  will  begin. 


Ms.  QtnfiuiiftUtng  jDuyjje. 


£tfl  aus  6cm 
•  un6  Seine"  — 

Cafdjcutud)  gc&un6ett  —  : 
■  Satin  im  Coflflm,  6cm  | 
Lclcpljoul  —  3n  Sal6c  | 

Dami  cttujas  Slroi),  mit  Sloff  m 
ftipci-fciti  ;  -  Die  Sprad,c  frf,c 

mmm6ciL‘ —  Ijmuidj  ciu  Sctlg  mit  2fvm 
"FI  ifojE6ifon.  -  Sic  plappcrt  fdion 

r  "  ~,v  *'M*'*'V  «iho  ipajtercn. 

CLIPPINGS  FIT  E 
1890 


fiUJj. 


I 


74 


THE  ELECTRICAL  WORLD. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


Scientific  American 
March  1,  1890 


*  "J*™  wpaoow.-/Dl»  vifi  /imO'l  s«c( 1 5’ 

:'B0  U  LO  GHE^SU  R- M  E  R  f 

ifi-  lfc'  ffiv  tMer  i “ « 

Sup  JEUJsofi  eit .  »p«-  ,**n»|»|o 


Ace  propos,'  M.  Quetlier  a  rappeld  | 
;les2mllloiiiadcid(!nts£auxquelsidonnont.b 
liou  los  innombrableB  cables  dloctt'iquos 
;qui,:s’ontrccroisant dans  tails  Ics  sens}, 
bbsc'urcissont  lo  clbl  ilos  rues  dans  Ics' 

•nsd?- 

qui  s'est  ainsl  ti'ompd  une.doijs',', 
Ics  conductcurs  soulerfains,  grAco/aux 
;  iprdogulions- prises,',  u’ont  oncoro 
"  sionnd  aucun  mallicur. 

conidrencipiva  montrb  Edison,  (lBi 

_  tirvbTitlona  |“l, 

■j'i  V': IsaVhnts  dii  nibndo-  et,  co  qui  ne  'gulpl 
uiUfl.bnipccrampttUinpr^vn  dtant  sdr-'  ri'eh,  acqudrant  uno  fortune  de  500.000'-' 
f.epu,  .M.,  Bdbocqm’a'pul  faire,  diipan.y;  friipcs  do  rbiiib  ’;  ^.il  a  promond  I’audi-1 
;lr».iiderqier,;  sa;  ponrdronco  .jur,  Jos.  |tdiro'  dans  la  rdsiderico  du  «  Sorcier  do1 
Similes:,,. c est  nolro.aimable.-.et : disert  |Monlo-Park.»11.,commo  l'apnellcnt  ses, 
donfrdre.  Mn Ch,.  Oiinttior,  ,nni  .I’n  'cbmpalrioles,  Qt  gild  uri  curious  iiiler-L 

,  .  Icicic  publid  dans  lo  World'.  Je  •,  crols.i 

consacrde, ,  qt  a  ontrelenu.  lo  public  Ia..«  -..-s.i.u  ^,i  inM»nr  *,,™««i»u 

t.Jo'ft’ai  pas'&'Tairb  Tdlbg'o'  dulcdnfd-j 

Sier  ; .  tons bios  concitbycris  "conriairfa 
sa'fncilild'ld'dlociitioniusoh  laiolll’ 
u  exposition'  ct  soii:dtonnarito!radradifdj‘ 

Ausbi-a-t-ou  Bouri.i  lorsqu'aprds  s’dlro 
erfensd :dIavoir, subslitud  ;l"un.  des  inqijj 
lra?--do,.Jn>paroio,'iil:afait1rppiarquq'q 
0J}!H:i4WV>MSO*. curlsyik  ..do. ’vo/r  ,un 
Jip/nuio, parlor,  do.  co  qu'il  ignore.'  Vm 


poinme, parlor, ilo,  co.qu  il  ignore.  jL’on 

a.oncoro  ri  davahiago  on  enfondant  M,1  _ _ _ 

jjueltio'r  raconter  I'hhecilote  ' stir  *sdh*  H— '  Oh  bul,  fu 
prdlbssour  do  s'clbncos;'  qui,  h’oiivradt  Pournuoi- 
pas-  la  .'bouclia'qiiahd'bii'’  lraifait!  ud6  dans.nn  coin 
'duestion'do'  sa'compdtencoi  ’  so  .  langhit  Pour  cons 

avee  la  plus  grande  ardeur.  dans  jla 
discussion  diltdrairo. .  Du  rosto,  a-t-il 
dit?1  les  jouriValislosf'sahs'dlro :  des:  Pic 
de.'Ja^lirand.olo,. doivont.  fairo  do  tout, 
fpmmo;la  ,  cuisinidro  .  do,  maison  ;lioui\ 

i  _  Nous  •'avpDs|assbz'l,do  cdrdbrilds,''ria7 
tionalos  dahs'lbus'‘,16si'go,nf6s  ,pbiiiilnl) 
irlffflii-PBVier  iiapx  tiutres-. pays/.. Edison 
iappartiontii  Al  l'hpuinnifd  toul  .'ontidrq,- 1 
idans  lo  domaino  doila  pensdo.il. rityna 
Idlautres  ennerais'iquo  i la'rouliuey.i  Jo's 
|tdu6breq,Fl^gpppqnqn|l ^ 


dlro  agrdablo  laii  lecleur  on  repradul- 
sant’ici,  avee  ‘I'dutorisali'on  du:,confd-q 
|repeier;'ccl;  ihldressant  passage  i:  . 

. .  Lii  reporter  parcourut  des  yei 
olns  do  la  chambrc ..dir;  plnfbn 

treillis  do  tils  tdldgraphlpucs  roi 

..jutissaut.'  fbusiAaino'1 grando'bS 
placdo  air  centre  do  la  pldce. 


fut  la  rdponse. 


Pour  cdnsorvor  lo  son.  :  ;  i  -  •  qua. 

Qucbost  cot  objot  14-basd... ,  ■  Vd  Ml 
—  Uno  partio  de  mon  adroplione.  ai-iq  | 
ot-  Qiiol  est  cot  autr'o;bbjotinuqiiol  trh- 
ValUoicct  nomnib'1.-;i!'’  r  n  o.  ■  <ion I 
i  ov*  Umi nstrii moil t pour  reprdil ill ro I'dorUi 
L’Turo...lopeiido  quo  cosbrabicntOttormlndp 
“  lu—iQu'ost-co  quo  b'est  quo  cotto  plaque, 
rondo Im  i'd  ri.  ■iii’jq  .,h  ,.  /  „  ,  n|, 
n:— Ohqa,  c'ostupour  fiilrodes  commis-li 

.  Lo  roporter  so  init-  alorsi  il;  fni'ro  unot 
p'romonado ;  autbur  'do.',  la-  chambfe.'  II  y 
avuitdes  uillliors  deubon  tollies,,  petites'et 


®so  pfe'rdo  joiir,  jqu'oii ’no: jsignll 
fjfiuo  stupdflanlo  linvontion  '.venal 
^•autrq.^td^dbjl’Atiantiquq'.'p 

iSnt  ia  machine' iStinos!  couM 
•nolle  on;conflo;uirlhpin  ot  quij'rg® 
joI btlo^p! usr u n*  chapeau1* 


des  drogues  Otides  huilcs  ningdes  su 
tnblettes;lo  long'des  miirs.'.  cd  it"  , 

■ --Dans qiicl  biitavcz-voiisicl unoboatld 
I  quo  irupqtbiiiaiya'  •  oiij  gros;  Mousiqur 
|LEalsplit.d6mVnda  lo  -rqportqr. 

I  "Vov  ai  -  ,  u>  hni  i  i  '0 1  i  ii 

ft'toiitqV  cos 'cVioscs,  ;no  sacliabt  pas  lb 
.trforficiit'prdols'oti  jo  puis  on  avolr'bosbln? 
T6ut03'los'fois  .quo  joiilvolsmnprbduttioii 
Upe  draguq  nbuvello.qublcoii.quo,  aunqnn 

Wmpbsd;1— ,dtt'lll,to'riditlntilroportqr'"uft .' 
;flucou.plcln  d’utr  llquide  jaunoipaillo.'p4  i 


S est  dpipblllsmo,  tandis,  qu’E-S  chloral, idojclilbroformo. . db„nltrato. idq 
n;s,ost  monlrd/un  -vdrilablo  bien-i  capssb ^ct  do'clbiis„dogi'rpn6.:  Cds'.'diffqt 
lur-do  -I  liumanit'd,^on..a'p"pliqiranli  Fcnls,',pr6diilt^rnlbntit.aucurio^>ctrori 

ison  gdnio  A  rufilis’aiiba“de  l’dloctricitd  ',81dmlqiiSt|%Sai3¥SiiPdd»'iidtye6'qtiisfB66- 

'soifsfftbnftgbdj  fofil.os'.taeaxo'”-'-'1'1  obroutnolin  ImnortaAnolIo  dduleur.sinr.n 


^ifftpilpfcroutncbp'iVpBi^oitiiellB.ddulouKsii'ir.n'! 


jAvuiiuii  ib  lurrauio  liu  pnon..„.  . 

.  .....iddime  dos  Scioncos  ouvrit  aon'  plil 
cacliotd,  quinzo'jours  apffisquo  I’inveii-'i 
lioq  d’EJisoh'dtait  connue  on  Franco. 
"M.  Queltior  a  aussi.dit  nn‘. mottido’ 
l'adivipliono;  i  bruyaht  .apparoil  ,4  itim 
giinux,  capablo  do  so  dairo  entondro  4' 
deux  lioues  do  distanco  bt  qui  pourrait' 

iirendro.  impossible'1' los  'abordaffos^en 

infer.  .  rt!ri 

i.Jjaurais  vbu'lu  donnorici,1  commo'  I’d1 
“It.  jo  sympatliiqiio  conldrfeucior.'-'iS 
description ,  ties  organos  Irfes  curlanx! 
otyidu-  rosto,,.  assoz  comius  dfejd  ;7qtjii 
constituent  ces  apparoiis .  do  >transrais- 
?'?P„  et  d'enregistromont'do  faparoloj 
oxp'osd,'  4!  lour:  proposv 

■  dp?,',  trfes  'cpnciso  :  thfeorio f  du;  i'sontf 

1  'l.gij'eurs  ;pifein';.do  c.Iartd"''et  illuSJ 
’  jlsBC'iPWS  dl.??> diro, ,'d'oxpdrieh'cbi? 
trfes  mtdressqntos.  .  '  "iV  , 

-vL'iin  des:  iprdparatburs.dujcdurs  /  do 
pnysiquo  :  ot: ;  do  icbiraio  du.  ..Collfegq 
avaitji  onoflbt,  .consonli  4  prfeter  .'son 
concenrs'4,;M.  Quettior.inqui.  ap'u.-.pan 
djib.oxoinplos '  pratiques,  monlrer  'soit 
,ta  tluSono;-  soit  les ,  applications  "des 
inventions,  qu'tl  oxpliqunit.  . 

De'.pl us,  lo  cohl'droncier  avait,  lui- 
infeino,  dossind  au  fusain,;sur  de  gran- 
dos  funillos  do  papier,:  les  machines; 
ies  apparoiis, "etc.  Cos  croquis:  trfes 
fetilevds,  mats  Tort  nets,  permottaientlde 
sbtvro  trfes ;f  facilemon t  ’ ;  los"  apercuSi 
mss(  1  , q  o’instructifs ;  ouvlrts 

ajt  coiirs  do  colto ,  shbstantioild  ot  trop 
coprte.confdronco?  j""'"-’  ?"  j  ■■"•etS 
qi,LeS:nd6les qui  avaioiit  ou,lo courair^ 
d/allronter  lo  frojd  .polairo  do  ,1'Elyiide 
dos  .Tintellorios  oo:ont  1  did  rdcompon- 
sds,  car 'pondant'cinqr  quarts  d'houre, 
ils'  ont  dtd-'absoluments  sdduils  :par 
_utioaidr|tablo;,,lcconide  cliosos’  quides 
.duinstruils'.et/amubds  oh',mfeihdl  temps' 

S9,?PdO„;q?’o!loll,dtjiik'  par  (do  '.frdquduts 
^  fll  >  >  ,  1  -a  >  ,  ,i>  boh' 

loot. un,  4 propos  .^qui' n'avatfeSt 
..m..  do  pedagogjquo.  | 

WAusair  'a-t-onc'ifrdq'uaminout  .  inter— 

™ “!P?,;par  dp  i) clinloureur bravos,  Ids 
ARSORIW  Pai'ndoxos  Ubist'*  -‘coiirdroiia- 
/PPP'f.yf.di’P'paijrtaitjiarfoislosdonrilSes 
fflpl'VAI^l'qsplusij'^cisosetaccldmd 


nolle  mot  tnyjqsii'j;e.doit  fetre  rityd  do 
ietionnairo.  <>  • 

Au  surplus,  M.  Quotlior  Idi-mfeino,  a 
roiivd  qu'il  up  connail  pas  fee  mot-14. 


EXTRACT  PROM  "THE  STREET  RAILWAY  GAZETTE" 
(Page  46)  DATED  MARCH,  1890. 


" . I  had  to  s.trike  out  in  some  new  direction;  and 

it  occurred  to  me  it  would  be  a  very  good  idea  to  go  around 
to  the  leading  water  places,  this  being  summer  time,  and 
exhibit  Edison's  telephone  and  apparatus,  particularly  the 
musical  telephone;  describe  it  to  the  public,  who  seemed  to 
be  very  liiuch  interested  in  these  acoustic  experiments  of 
Mr.  Edison  and  Mr.  Bell  at  that  time,  and  make  a  little 
money  that  way.  I  did  it  by  having  my  singers  stationed 
in  the  Western  Union  Telegraph  building  in  New  York,  having 
my  receiving  apparatus  in  a  house  like  this  at  Saratoga, 

Buffalo  or  Rochester,  four  or  five  hundred  miles  distant 
from  New  York,  and  reproducing  the  voices  of  these  singers 
to  my  audiences  at  these  distant  points.  It  was  very 
successful.  A  great  interest  was  being  aroused  in  the 
subject  just  at  that  time.  In  the  course  of  one  of  my 
lectures  or  improvised  talks,  it  occurred  to  me  it  would  be 
a  good  idea  to  tell  my  audience  at  Buffalo  about  Edison's 
telephone  repeater,  which  I  did.  My  audience  seemed  to  have 
a  much  clearer  appreciation  of  the  value  of  the  invention 
than  we  had  ourselves.  They  gave  me  such  a  cheer  as  I  have 
seldom  heard.  I  did  not  comprehend  the  importance  of  the 
device  at  the  time;  but  the  next  morning  the  Buffalo  papers 
announced  in  glaring  headlines,  "A  Great  Discovery:  A  Talking 
Machine  by  Professor  Edison.  Mr.  Edison's  Wonderful  Instrument 
will  Produce  Articulate  Speech  with  all  the  Perfection  of  the 
Human  Voice".  I  realised  for  the  first  time  that  Edison  had,  as 
a  matter  of  fact,  invented  a  talking  machine.  The  immediate 
importance  to  me  was  that  this  created  a  sensation,  and  I  had 
very  large  audiences  in  all  my  entertainments  thereafter. 
Realising  that  and  having  had  sufficient  experience  by  this 
time  to  profit  by  such  things,  I  made  a  special  point  of  this 
feature  in  my  next  entertainment,  which  was  at  Rochester,  and  I 
had  a  crowded  house;  one  that  did  my  heart  good  -  and  my  pocket 
too.  There  was  a  most  magnificent  enthusiasm.  That  satisfied 
me  that  I  had  better  go  home  and  assist  in  preparing  this 
instrument.  I  knew  from  my  own  experience  in  the  matter  that 
it  was  a  comparatively  simple  thing  to  do,  so  I  cancelled 
thirteen  engagements  ahead  and  went  back  home  with  these 
newspaper  clippings.  I  went  straight  down  to  the  laboratory, 
which  was  then  at  Newark,  and  I  said,  "Mr.  Edison,  look  here. 

See  the  trouble  you  have  got  me  into".  He  read -these 
things  over,  and  said:  "That  is  so;  they  are  right.  That 
is  v/hat  it  is  -  a  talking  machine".  I  said:  "Can  you  make 
it?"  He  says:  "Of  course.  Have  you  got  any  money?"  I  says: 
"Yes,  I  have  a  little".  And  I  had  -  a  little.  He  says:  "Go 
to  New  York  and  get  me  three  feet  of  stub  steel  an  inch  and 
a  half  in  diameter,  and  get  me  a  piece  of  brass  pipe  four  inches 
in  diameter  and  six  or  eight  inches  long,  and  bring  it  down 
here,  and  we  will  make  it".  I  took  the  next  train  to  New  York 
and  got  the  material,  took  it  back  and  went  to  work.  Within 
twenty-four  hours  we  had  a  little  revolving  cylinder,  turned 
with  a  crank,  and  a  simple  diaphragm  needle,  which  I  will 
explain  presently,  wrapped  a  sheet  of  tin-foil  around  the 
cylinder,  and  gave  it  the  original  ohonographic  sentence,  "Mary 
had  a  little  lamb".  Then  we  set  it  back,  to  see  what  the 
instrument  was  going  to  do  about  it.  It  came  out  to  our  entire 
satisfaction.  Not  as  clear  as  it  does  to-day,  but  it  was  "Mary 
had  a  little  lamb"  sure  enough.  That  was  the  original 
phonograph . " 


V^.»Wnn6«m,p2Q;*%U.  r.e c;i:t ev1. r  1-3 
W Ibung 8  » S.c'rc l «; Vfieni,:  ©prb^leVtet-'.eprcnfier;!] 
j.ber.bereita  liri  fiaufe  bc^  not  ii  tcre  ’  c  I  n>  n  93  or  I  ra  g  *  ft  b’cr ;  bd»  -j 
i  Seltyljojy;  bcffcn , ;  (Sebrducb‘,!unb.,Son[truf|{ou 1 .  ibtn o|8;j 


Untetfaiebe  in;bet  eonitrufttoR,  .forolc ;  jn‘  ber;babun&!:beV* 
j  wlif ten  berShberten ,  'SeinungSf&blQfelt'; be«  'J 3npruiri«jW.tJ. 
i  ©e x  Grfinber, ,  $e rr, (5bin|on,  beffen  erflnbungflaeift  "tjereUfl J 
flenuafam  ibttannf' getoorbett  fei,  ^dbe*.QaupifftdiU4.,'-'buv% 
vlnbtlnflung  .clneV-  aweiten .31  cue,  fowie  '.burri), fenlr«<&teJ 
©teUmifl  befi  ^SJtetaltylfittdjerifl  unb .  b  ability  ‘  ba&  '.e(n  '©lift* 
(Stnbtflrfe'auf  eln  .StdhtQlpiahdjen^  bae.'nuf-  elner  StoIIe: 

liege/;  unb.^baS'bgnn  'att^befleblget’Seltrattin  ©cfben'unb' 

bdbur(b4«m\’^btecbVn.  gt6rdi5tiV  wecDcn'fSune,  btefe*  93et^. 
be ffenihg .  beaitlt.'.  fftebner,'  ftyfbert  an'  ©etfpleten4 ble, fiber*  J 
rajtynben /(Sifolae,’ .  n>eltye‘ betel  tsburty  ben'  ^onoar'^t} J 
erjlelt.’ roorben  w*nVuhb Miifty/* rbafi  ,,e« ,*  lljm  bergSnnt' 
|eln  nififier  .fax  eiise.su  .feta, ■  ;beV  otefe8  '3nftrhment,*  ‘ ba‘8* 
no#  beflerc  ©tfotge.ats  b'aoin.ffletlin .  k:;jc.;  elnpefubtfe! 
fccletob6n.au  be iaelAnen'.r'  '  . 


JUlETrr, 


jlle  Has  at-  List  Perfected  &  ' 
,'jPlionograph  After  Many  Years|A  \ 
of  Trial.  ’  \ 

A  VISIT  TO  HIS  “DEN|:  \ 
The  InventorTells  of  the  Scientific  i 


He  Has  a  Now  Mill  and  Is  Working  Ii 
All  by  Himself.  - 


\V\o 


A  tr avers 


t  CuJ-r  o_ 


A.  la  tompfite  de  landl  dornior  a  succddft 
u».  froid  extraordinaire. 

IDa  rdponso  &  do  nombrcuscs  lcltrcs  mo , 
demandant  It  qucllcs  causes .  il  faut  attri- ' 
buer  co  brusque  et  rlgouroux  abalssemont' 
de  la  tempfiraluro,  jo  dirai  quo  los  sar 


j  hn  attendant,  on  prdvoil  un  hlver  aiissi ! 
rigouroux  quo  celui  do  1870.  Celaprometj 
d'Otro  gai !  Lcs  ndgoclants  spgculont  d6J4 : 
j  4  I®  hausso  sur  lo  bois,  lo  charbon  do  lerro 
!  ot.locoko.  Mon  charbonnlcr.  m’a  mflimo: 

:  ddclard  qu’ll  no  pouValt  s’eagager  it-  mo  ■ 

,  fodrnir  au  mdmo  prlx  pendant  lout  l’hi- 
ver  !  Souls  les  raembres  du  Gercle  des: 
patinours  sont  dans  la  Joiol  i 

Edison  mgdecln  1  Lo  grand  filoclricion  • 
'  vidlBMl  HBlglner  un  nouveau  traitement » 
dojagoutte  par  I’dlectricild.  On  salt  quo  j 


Causerie  scientifique 


Lo  11  mai  1878,  il  so  passa  des  chosos  Olrangos  d  1'Acadflmie 
dos  sciences  do  Paris.  Pendant  la  sOanco  publiquo,  un  des  plus 
savants  physicians  de  cotte  asscmblfio,  Th.  du  Woncol,  prOsonta  d  sos 
collogues  un  apparoil  vraiment  morvoillpux,  puisqu'il  roproduisait  la 
voix  humaino,  qu’il  parlait,  chantait,  ot  rOpOtait  los  sons,  pt'Onfilble- 
mont  fixOs  ot  ommagasinOs  d  sa  surfaco. 

L’invonteur  Otait  M.  Edison,  lo  cOldbre  Oloclricion  dos  litats- 
Unis.  - — — ^ 

“■t^Quoiquo  lo  telephone  nous  ait  habituds  d  biop  dos  surprisos 
s&iehtifiques  yonant  du  nonygau ■  monde,- l’annonco  ■  de- lloxistonco- 
d’uno  machine  onrogislranl  lei  sons,  laissait  los  assistants  fort 
inerddulos.  Mnis  il  fallut  bion  so  rondro  d  l’Ovidonco. 

L’aido  do  M.  Edison,  onvoyO  do  Now-Yorlc,  pour  fairs  connaitre 
on  Europo  lo  phonographe,  s'Otait  place  devant  sa  machine,  qui  a  un 
metre  do  long  sur  20  centimetres  do  large,  ot  il  prononja,  d  voix  tr6s 
haute,  los  mots  suivants :  • 

<  M.  Edison  a  I'honnaur  de  salucr  MM.  les  metres  de  l'Aca- 
ddmie.  » 

Alors  il  touma  la  mnnivello,  ot  la  machino  r6p6ta : 
t  M.  Edison  a  1‘honneur  de  saluer  MM.  les  membres  de  VAca- 


Ensuito  l'op6ratour,  appliquant  do  nouveau  sos  ldvres  sur  l’om- 
bouchuro  do  la  machine,  dit  toxluolloment :  - 

c  Monsieur  phonographe,  parlei-oous  fvangais  t  > 

11  lourna  la  manivollo,  et  [’instrument  rOpOta : 

«  Monsieur  phonographe,  parles-vous  frangais  ?  » 

Cos  paroles  furont  parfaitomont  ontonduos  do  tout  lo  mondo. 
Soulomont,  lo  timbro  n’Otait  plus  lo  mdmo  quo  colui  dos  paroles  pro- 
noncees :  l’instrumont  parlait  boaucoup  plus  bas,  ot  d  la  manidre  d’un 
vontriloque. 

L’assistance  Otait  stupOfaito;  on  paraissait  croire  d  uno  mystifica- 


tion.  Th.  du  Moncel  fat  pri6  par  ses  collogues  de  vouloir  bien  rem- 
P'aCDu  Moncel  s’approcha  done  do  la  bolto  parlante,  et  il  dit  d  une 
V0  X t  VAcadc’mie  remercie  M.  Edison  de-son  intiressante  communi- 

CaU' “'instrument  rSpfita  les  paroles  de  Th.  du  Moncel. 

AcadOmiciens  et  public,  tout  lo  mondo  Otait  raterdit,  lant  cette 
dfecouverte  Otait  merveilleuse  et  impr6vue. 

L’Ctonnemcnt  qui  so  mamlesta  au  sein  do  1  AcadSmie  eut  un 
rteultat  extraordinaire,  otauquel  on  eta.t  loin  de  s  attendre.  Un  savant 
il  lustre  le  doctour  Bouillaud,  ne  pouvmt  on  croire  ses  oieuies.  u 

soupfonnait  quelque  supercberie,  quelque  mystification ;  car  losoup?on 

de  superchorie  est  encore  le  grand  clieval  do  bata.lle  de  bien  des 
savants,  en  presence  d'un  ph6nom6ne  qui  depasse  les  donnftos  ordi- 
naires  et  les  fails  habituels.  Bouillaud,  sceptique  par  essence,  Oairait 
done  une  suporcherio,  do  la  pa,rl  do  lb.  du  Moncel.  A  peine  ce 
dernier  avoit-iMermin6  sa  communication,  que  Bouillaud  quitted  sa 
-lace  -our  aller  examiner  dp  prOs  la  personae  de  son  savant  confreie, 
etrecounattre  s'il  ne  cachait  point  dans  sa  bouche  quolquejra^ 
dePolichinelle,  qui  aurait  produit  les  sons  entendus.  N  ayant  pu  rien 
dLouvrir  de  ceq  genre  sur  Th.  du  Moncel,  noire  enrage  sceptique 


songea  a  un  effet  do  ventriloquio. 

La  salle  des  stances  de  l’AcadOmio  fran?aise  est  attenanto  4  ceJe 
de I’AcadOrriio  des  sciences;  Bouillauite'emprossa  do  ^netw.-daSs 
la  salle  do  l’AcadOmie  fran?aise,  pour  s  assuror  qu  il  n  j  avail  point 
dans  cette  piece  quolque  individu  cache  qui,  opbrant  par  la  yontri- 
loquie,  aurait  trompfi,  par  ce  fallacioux  moyen,  la  ^cteassembl6e. 
Mais  il  n’y  avait  porsonno  dans  cette  salle ;  la  ventnloquie  Otait  done 

h°ISBwimaud  revint  4  sa  place,  nullemont  convaincu,  d’ailleurs,  de 
la  sinc6rit6  da.l’exp6rience,  et  croyant  toujours  4  rexistenco  de  quel- 
quo  compere.  Et  nous  pouvons  ajoulor  quo  '.esul^m“1j!®n^|®“  d“ 

phonograph^  qui  ne  fut° jamais,  4  ses  yeux,  qu’uno  adroite  mystirica- 

tl0":Nous  avons  rapporte  cette  anecdote  pour  quo  nos  neveux  n’i- 
gnorent  point  quel  accueil  on  rbservait  encoro  aux  dCcouvertes  scien- 
tifiques,  4  la  fin  du  dix-neuviemo  siedo,  dans  le  sancluairo  le  plus 
cCiebre’et  lo  plus  autorise  do  la  science  europOenno. 

En  quoi  consisto,  copondanl,  le  merveilloux  appareil  quo  M.  Edison , 
avait  baptise  du  nom  do  phonographs  ?  quclleestsonoriginescienti- 
fique?  quels  sont  son  mCcanismo  et  ses  ellets?  ■ 

L’invonteur  du  phonographe  est  certainoment  M.  Eqisommais  it 
est  juste  de  mentionnor  les  reehorclies  et  les  travauXqui  avaidht  016 
entrepris  avant  lui,  dans  cette  direction,  ot  qui  ont  facililO  sa  t&che. 


CAUSERIE  SCIENTIFIQUE  _ 503^ 

Cost  ici  qu’il  faut  onrogistror  los  curioux  travaux  d’un  hommo’ 

patient  etmodosto,  Leon  Scott  do  Martinville.  ■ 

1  Simple  typographo  ot  correcleur  dimprimene,  LOon  Scott  do 
Martinville  consacra  dix  annOes  do  sa  vie  4  la  poursuite  du  probietno: 
La  parole  s'inscrioant  ellc-mime,  et  il  atteignit  parfaitement  son  but, 
par  l'invention  de  son phonautographe,appave\\  connu  de  tous  les  phy- 
siciens,  car  il  a  616  souvent  mis  on  experience  dans  les  cours  de 
physique  et  dans  les  conferences.  "  ,  ,  ,.. 

1  D6s  1’annOe  1856,  Leon  Scott  avait  combine  1  instrument  quil 
nommait  phonautographe.  Lo  premier,  il  avmt  imagine  d  inscrire  les 
vibrations  de  la  voix  humame  au  moyen  d  un  s|yle  mOtallique  so 
promenant  sur  une  surface  de  papier  revalue  de  noir  de  fumeo. 

P  Le  phonautographe  de  Leon  Scott,  tel  qu'on  le  construit  aujom- 
d’hui,  se  compose  d’une  caisse  on  bois,  en  forme  de  pyramide 
tronqu6o,  ouverte  4  sa  base  ot  revOtue  a  1  mtOneur  d  une  Opaisso 
couche  de  plalre,  destinOe  4  empecher  les  vibrations  des  parois  do  la 
caisse.  On  parlo  dovant  la  grande  face  de  la  pyramide.  Le  sommet  do 
cette  pyramide  est 'forme,  par  un  tympan  en  forme  de  tambour, 
dont  la  mombrano  ost  compos6o  do  trois  tumques,  deu\  on 
caoutchouc  ot  uno  tunique  cenlralo  en  baudruche.  Les  doux  mem- 
braiios  sont  tenduos  par  un  petit  apparoil  en  lvoiro,  destine  a  jouor  lo 
m6me  role  que  la  chaino  des  osselots  dans  1  oroillo  humaino,  ot  qui 
augmonto  do  beaucoup  la  sonsibilitO  du  tympan.  Lorsqu  on  clianto 
dans  lo  conduit,  los  vibrations  de  la  voix  sont  transmises  au  style, 
a'ui  les  6crit  on  blancsur  un  tylindro  tournant  d’un  mouvoment  um- 
formo,  rocouvort  d’une  feuiilo  do  papier,  sur  laquello  on  a  depose,  au: 

prOalablo,  une  coucho  do  noir  do  fum6e. 

L’apparoil  do  L6on  Scott  inscrit  les  vibrations  sonores.  Lo  pho- 
nographe  a  fait  un  pas  de  plus,  puisqu’il  commence  par  inscrire  les 
vibrations  du  son,  ot  que,  par  un  complement  inaltendu  do  la  premiere 
operation,  il  r6p6te  los  sons  inscrits  sur  uno  surface  plane,  metalhquo 

°U  Tophonographo  d' Edison  n’est  done  pas  sans  lien  de  parento 
avec  lo  phonautographe  do  L6on  Scott.  Si  celui-ci  n  ost  pas  .e  fils  de 
celui-14,  on  pout  dire  qu’il  oxisto  entro  eux  une  filiation  tr6s  Ovidente. 

Pauvre  L6on  Seoul  que  de  travaux,  de  pomes,  do  dOpensos, 
difficilement  r6alis6es,  fa  inspires  cette  dOcouverte,  qui  fut  la  preoccu¬ 
pation  et  la  passion  do  ta  vie  1  En  vain  tu  ossayns  do  convaincre  los 
corps  savants  do  l’importance  el  de  la  r6alit6  du  phOnomOnb  de  la 
parole  s'inscrioant  elle-mime.  En  ce  siccle  d’invontours,  prosque  tou- 
jours  bien  accueillis  partoul,  tu  no  trouvas,  toi,  que  froideur,  d6cou- 
ragomont  ot  dedain.  Tu  fus  contraint,  par  la  mauvaiso  fortuno,  de 
rononcor  4  poursuivre  tes  recherches,  ot  tu  no  recueillis  point  lo  juste 
fruit  do  los  longs  ofTorts.  Tu  n’ns  pu  voir  tes  droits  do  cr6ateur.ot 
d’inventcur  reconnus  et  proclamOs  comme  ils  le  sont  aujourd  hui. 

J’ai  connu  L6on  Scott,  qui  6tait  correcleur  4  l’imprimorie  Marti- 


A  GRANDE  REVUE 


nnt  rue  Mi"non.  Jo  lo  voyais  journollement,  on  1858  et  I860,  quand je 
falsa  s  pamUre  chez  Victor  Masson,  mes  prem.ers  ouvrasos  de 
vulgarisation  scientiflquo.  Partant  do  1  pxp6r.onco  ^  un  ph>  s.cren 

do  not  dofumfee,  et  so  dOroulant  d'un  mouvement  umforme,  grftco  A 

""  TSS  S— , ,»  j-  ;•  r&jjWS 

(s  is? Sm°55 

QaS'oute'Ntcola^namel^Ala'poursuitodo'l’t^olu,  ou  dq  la^pterre 
philosophalo;  do  sorle  quoclmcun  l’engageait,  charitablemont,  i  s  oc 
cuper  do  sa  profession,  ot  non  do  physique.  s 

&;B»='S22 

rechcrches,  il  n’oiit  realise  la  decouvorto  qui  dovait  lUustrer  Edmon. 
L’liistoiro  dos .  inventions  qui  ontbnarquO  leur  place  dans  le 

■  pour  nous,  ■  puisqu'il 

nhonocrapho  a  pour  premi6ro  origins  un  appaieil  dii  i  un  inven 
teur '  francais,  c'est-a-diro  lo  phonautographc  do  Leon  Scott,  auquel 
M  Edison  a  fait  dos  emprunts  6vidents.  On  nous  permoltra  done  do 
Lelopper  les  faits  venus  A  notre  connaissance  sur  les  travaux  et  la 

PerSLrndS6c^t0deSMlartinvil.e.etait  le  petit-ills  du  baron  Scott  de 
Martinvillo,  dont  nous  avons  ditquelqucs  mots  dans  \asMcrveMes 
de  la  science  (Notice  sur  les  Adrostats)*  comrae  ayant,  to  », 
propose  un  appareil  pour  la  direction  dcs  ballons.  Le  baron  Scott  de 
Martinvillo  avail  ouvort,  A  cette  epoque,  uno  souscnption,  pour  rAaliser 
son  projet  de  ballons  dirigeables.  Les  troubles  de  cette  dpoquo  emp6- 
chGrent  la  souscription  d’aboutir.  11  nous  est  restG .  {*e  ,co* :  °j\or/t  ,u. 
volume  trfcs  interessant  du  baron  Seott  do  Martinvillo,  intitule  l  Ad- 
rostat  diriqeable  (in-8°,  1789).  ,  ..  .Q,trf  tj 

Edouard  Scott  do  Martinvillo  etait  ne  A  Paris,  le  24  avril  1817.  II 
Gtait  fils  d’Auguste-Toussaint  do  Martinvillo,  Ggalement  n6  Claris, 
sur  la  paroisse  do  Saint-Sulpice,  et  fils  lui-mOme  d  un  autre  Auguste- 


CAUSERIE  SC1ENTIFIQUE 


Toussaint  do  Martinvillo,  baron  do  Balwoary,  no  A  Ronnos  lo  1"  no- 
vembro  1782. 11  descondait  d'uno  ancionne  famillo  do  Bretagne,  pnmi- 
tivement  originaire  d'Ecosso,  ot  qui  romontait,  pr  seize  degres,  A 
Michel  Scott,  baron  do  Bahvoary,  auteur  du  cOlebro  traite  do  la 

^^Augusto-Toussaint  I",  mort  on  1800,  A  ChnIon-sur-Sa6no,  chef 
do  bataillon,  avail  6t6  ruinO  par  la  Revolution.  I  s  etait  occupe  d  in¬ 
ventions,  on  particulior,  commo  il  est  dit  plus  haut,  de  la  direction 
dos  aerostats,  question  sur  laquollo  il  proposed  uno  solution  pour  un 
problems  qui  n’ost  pas  oncoro  rOsolu.  AprAs  sa  mort,  son  Ills  entra,  a 
l’Ago  do  troizo  ans,  dans  l'imprimorio  Courcior,  A  laquello  il  resta 
attache,  ot  qu’il  dirigea  pondant  vingt-deux  ans. 

Leon  Scott,  tils  du  precOdont,  fut  oblige,  corame  1  avail  616  son 
pOro,  dosuspendro  do  bonno  heuro  sos  etudes.  11  entra,  fort  joune, 
dans  l’imprimorio  sciontifiquo  de  MaUot-Bachohor.  La  il  eut  lo 
bonheur  d'etre  distingue  par  lo  naturalisto  Etienne  Gooffroy  Saint- 
Hilairc,  qui  lo  consulted  sur  sos  travaux.  Co  dormor  roconnut  au 
ieuno  typograplio  dos  aptiludos  scionlifiquos  toutos  .particuhOros  et 
un  ospril  ingenioux,  prevision  qui  devait  so  rOalisor  plus  tard. 

En  1852,  corrigoant  un  jour,  dans  l’imprimorio  do  Martinet,  les 
bons  a  tircr  do  la  premiOro  edition  du  Traild  cle  physiologic  du  pro- 
fosseur  Longet,  il  lui  vint  l'ideo  d’appliquor  los  moyens  acoustiques 
quo  la  nature  a  realises  dans  l’oroillo  humaino  A  la  fixation  graplnquo 
dos  sons  de  la  voix,  du  chant  et  des  instruments.  11  comptait  arnvor, 
par  code  voie,  A  une  stenographs  acoustiquo  dole  parolo,.  sans  lo 
secours  do  main  d'homme.  .. 

Cette  pretention  hardio  no  rencontre  partout  que  des  incredulos. 
Isidoro  GoofTroy  Saint-Hilairo,  president  de  l’Academie  des  sciences, 
que  Leon  Scott  pria,  le  26  janvior  1857,  de  deposer  on  son  nom,  un 
paquot  cachete,  constatant  la  prise  do  possession  du  pnncipe  do  sa 
decouverlo,  ne  cache  pas  son  envie  de  riro,  A  cette  communication  du 

PaU  Copendant, Plo  professour  Pouillot  (de  l'lnstitut)  ayant  appris, par 
le  chimiste  Barreswill,  les  tontatives  auxquelles  se  livrait  Leom  Scott, 
se  fit  un  devoir  de  gravir  jusqu’A  sa  mansarde,  et  sur  sa  recommen¬ 
dation,  la  Soeidtd  <V encouragement  admit  1  inventeur  A  fairo  fonc- 
tionner  devant  elle  un  appareil  rudimentairo,  qui  ,  n^nmo  ns 
onregistrait  morveilleusemont  la  parolo  et  .le  chant.  La  nSocid<(. 
d' encouragement  fit  alors  los  frais  do  promiAre  annulle  d  un  bievot 
d'invontion  de'cot  instrument.  '  ■  ,  •. - - 

LOonScott  avait  construit  co phonautographc  rudimentairo  avoc  le 
secours  d’un  ouvrior  de  sos  amis. 

Un  jour,  vers  I860,  on  donnait  une  conference  sur  l^oustiquo, 
dans  l’amphitheAtro  do!  la  Facult6  des  sciences,  A  la  Sortonne.  L  ap¬ 
pareil  de  L6on  Scott  y  figurait.  On  le  fit  fonctionnor,  et  A  la  g  ando 


Acrivit  correctement  los  sons  des  doux  tuyaux  d’orgue,  monies  sur  la 
mSmo  soufflorio,  A  un  metre  do  distance  do  l'appareil.  Mais  qui  lo 
croirait?  le  nom  de  LCon  Scott  no  fut  pas  prononcO  :  1’opCrutcur 
recuoillit  seul  l'liommage  quo  mArilait  I’invonteur,  qui  avait  realise 
un  tel  rSsultat  par  liuit  annAes  do  travail  solitaire  et  en  dOponsant 
son  petit  heritage  maternol. 

Cependanl, \o  phonauto.qrap/ie  attira  peu,  A  cette  epoquc.l’altontion 
du  public.  Quelquos  demonstrations  do  son  mecanismo  dans  les 
cours  publics  de  physique,  voilA  co  quo  put  obtenir  cet  apparoil. 

Si  1  on  veut  savoir  la  raison  deco  froid  accueil,  ecoutons  lo  curieux 
enlretion  quo  LCon  Scott  out  un jour  avoc  le  physicion  Bocquerel 
p6re,  qui  habitait  alors  au  Jardin  des  Plantes. 

,,  Leon  Scott  avait  eu  lo  bonheur,  insigne  pour  un  corrccteur 
d'imprimerie,  de  dAcouvrir  un  nombro  important  de  distractions 
trbs  graves,  au  point  de  vue  scientiliquo,  dans  los  bans  a  liver  d’un' 
memoiro  acadOmique  du  A  la  plumo  d’uno  porsonno  qui  touchaitdo 
tres  pres  A  ce  professeur.  II  profita  de  1’ocdasion  pour  domander  A 
parlor  au  savant, dAjA  iilustre,  qui  avail  fait  des  travaux  extr6mcment 
remarquables  en  physique.  II  osa  lui  raconter  sos  ospOrancos,  les 
promesses  do  son  conduit  acousliquo,  do  son  tympan  artiliciel  ot  de 
son  style  inscripteur,  pour  la  solution  de  son  grand  problAmo.  do  la 
parole  s’icrioant  elle-mime. 

Bocquerel  voulut  bion  l’ecoutor  poliment  ot  avec  resignation. 
Quand  il  out  fini  de  parler,  il  le  regards,  avec  uno  nuance  de  compos- 
.  sion,  otlui.dit,. >..  .•  yiit  ; 

«  J’ai  entendu,  un  peu  commo  tout  le  monde,  parlor  do  votre 
affaire.  Mais  au  prealablo  jo  me  permetlrni  de  vous  poser,  dans  votre 
interAt,  cette  question  :  Monsieur  Scott,  etes-vous  riche? 

—  I-Ielasl  non,  l-Apondit  Scott;  cette  recherche  esl  en  voie 
d  epuisor  mes  dorniArcs  reserves. 

,  —/Eh  bien  1  o’est  fdcheux,  o’est  trAs  fdchcux  pour  -vous.  II  vous 
faudrait  un  rapport  acadOmique,  pour  frapper,  au  MinistAre  do  I’ins- 
truction  pubhque,  A  la  poi’le  du  cabinet  do  M.  Servaux,  sous-chef  de 
division,  charge  de  la  repartition  des  encouragements  aux  savants. 
Uno  commission  a  Ate  nommAe,  n’est-co  pas,  A  1’AcadAmie  des 
sciences,  pour  l’oxamen  de  votre  mAmoiro? 

—  Oui,  Monsieur. , 

—  Eh  bion  !  elle  ne  se  rAunira  jamais,  ou  je  me  tromporais  fort. 
II  vous  faudra  dApenser  de  dix  A  vingt  millo  francs  et  cinq  annAes  de 
travail,  pour  rAuiur  les  materiaux,  et  fairo  la  redaction  d’un  memoire 
conlorme  au  programme  qui  vous  sera  impose.  Si  vous  arrives 
jusquau  bout  sans  Atre  dAcouragA,  vous  obtiendrez  peut-Atro,  A' 
grand  peine,  un  encouragement  do  deux  millo  francs.  Comprenez 
cela.  On  nomme  de  trois  A  six  commissions  tous  les  lundis.  Combien 
en  voyez-vous  qui  so  rAunissent?  Combien  prAsentent  un  rapport? 
Vous  devez  connaitre  tout  cela,  vous  qui  travaillez  depuis  1’Age  do 


quinze  ans,  dites-vous;  dans  des  imprimorios  scicntiliquos.  Chez 
nous,  il  y  a  jes  ancions,  qui  moltont  on  ordro  lours  travaux  anteriours, 
ou  qui  so  reposont  sur  lours  lauriors;  c’ost  trop  juste,  n’cst-cc  pas, 
ot  vous  on  feriez  autanl  A  lour  place.  Il  y  a  los  jeuncs.  tels  quo  moi, 
par  exomple;  mais  nous  avons,  commo  vous,  nolro  roti  sur  lo  feu. 
Nous  no  pouvons  lo  quitter,  snns  qu’il  brulo,  pour  allcr  voir  fonc- 
tionnor  votre  apparoil,  pour  suivro  vos  experiences.  Et  d’abord,  jo  ne  . 
fais  pas  partio  do  vos  commissairos ;  il  me  faudrait  laissor  on  souf- 
franco  los  rechorclies  dAlicatos,  coAteusos,  quo  vous  savez,  ot  dont 
j’attonds  do  boaux  rAsultats.  » 

Et  commo  LAon  Scott  poussait  un  soupir  do  tristesso. 

•  Et  puis,  reprit  lo  professeur,  il  y  a  uno  choso  qui  m’elTrayo  pour 
vous,  et  quo  vos  mombranes  no  vous  ont  pas  dito  :  Les  questions  out 
leurheure!  Quand  nous  nnviguons  dans  l’afchipcl  scientiliquo,  nous 
avons  soin  do  clioisir  los  questions  propros  A  captiver  l’attontion. 
MAmo  on  matiAro  do  scioncc,  il  faut  Atre  do  son  tomps.  Votro  allaire 
ost,  au  fond,  do  1’acoustiquo.  Mauvaise  chanco  pour  vous  I  Los  ingO- 
nieurs,  los  medocins,  los  musiciens,  ont  horrour  de  1’acoustiquo.  A 
1’ exception  do  coux  qui  jouent.du  violon,  cos  derniers  no  sont  pas 
bien  surs  quo  la  vibration  des  corps  existo.  Qui  est-ce  qui  trnvaillo 
1’acousliquo,  chcz  nous?  Porsonno.  On  rovoit  sos  notes  avant  do 
commencor  son  cours  d’acoustique.  Ah!  si  Savart  n’Alait  pasmort, 
vous  oussiez  trouvA  quolqu’un  A  qui  parlor.  Votre  machine  1’eAt 
empoigno,  A  la  condition,  loutofois,  qu’ollo  no  s’avisAt  point  do  contre- 
dire  un  soul  passage  do  sos  mitaoiressur  des  questions  d’acoustiquo, 
mbmoires  au  nombro  do  deux  conts.  Mais,  jo  vous  le  rAp6te,  l’acous- 
tiquo  ost  lombAo  en  catalopsio  depuis  Savart,  et  vous  no  protondoz 
pas  sans  douto  la  galvaniscr.  Si  vous  nous  parliez  de.  liimiAre, 
d’Aloclricite,  A  la  bonne  lieuro,  voilA  los  questions  A  l’ordro  du  jour. 

—  Alors,  Monsieur,’  vous  me  consoiilez  .  d’abandonnor  la 
partio?  , 

—  Non  pas  prdcisAmont.  Chorchoz,  pour  vous  arlluser,  commo 
distraction,  A  Acriro  1a  parole,  A  vos  moments  perdus.  Ce  sera  dur, 
mais  trAs.  intOrossant.  Si  PAllomagne  ne  se  met  pas  sur  la  piste, 
vous  avoz  le. tomps  do  vous  retourner  et  de  voir  vonir.  Gardez  done 
pour  vous  vos  trouvailles.  TAclioz  de  rossembler  A  Fresnel ,  qiii  ftii- 
sait  dos  expOrioncos  trAs  dolientes  sur  la  lumiAro  avec.  des  appareils 
ditsd  la Jlcclle.  Ne  vous  prossez  pas,  alloz  doucomont,  A  pas  comptbs. 
Un  jour  arrivora,  peut-Atro  un  peu  tard,  oA  l’on  fora  quelquo  part  un 
coup  d’Aclat  dans  le  champ  do  1’acousliquo,  qui  ne  donno  rion  depuis 
vingt  ans.  Alors,  vous  romonteroz  sur  l’oau,  ot  le  succAs  viondra. 

Ainsi  parla  lo  doclo  porsonuago,  qui  somblait  ontrovoir,  dans  los 
limbos  do  Tavonir,  la  d6couvorto  d’Edison.  LOon  Scott  lo-  romorcia 
avoc  effusion  do  sos  consoils  ot  so  rotira.  .  ;  : 

Les  questions  ont  tear  heure ,  avait  dit  lo  physicien  plulosopne. 
L’heuro  du  pkonautograjllic  doyait  venir  1  Co  fut  lo’ jour  ou  Edison, 


compldtant  la  ddcouvoi  to  de  Ldon  Scott,  (It  rdpdter  par  l'instrumont 
les  ondulations  sonores  inscrites  sur  sa  surface  !  • 

Sue  le  bruit  do  la  ddcouverte  do  Ldon  Scott ,  un  constructour 
d’insti'umcnts  do  physique  do  Kconigsberg,  qui  so  consncrait  spdeia- 
lemont  A  l’acoustique,  Rudolph  Koenig,  s’offritA  construire  l’appareil 
et  A  [’exploiter,  on  commun  avec  Pinvenleur,  Un  traits  fut  conclu. 
entre  eux,  le  30  avril  1859  : 

Void  un  oxtrait  de  cot  aclo  dissociation  : 


•  Au  commoncomont  do  fdvrior  1859,  M.  Rudolph  Kmnig,  constructour 

luLTOnir'on^ido  pourqi’exploilation  do  son  invontion..  It  s'o'st  ongngd  4  cons- 
truiro  los  npparcils  fondds  sur  Iedit  proeddd.  M.  Scott  n  nccoptd  In  proposition  do 
M.  Koenig.  En  consdquonco,  l’nppnroil  rudimontoiro  construit  par  los  soins  do 
M.  Scott  a  dtd  transportd,  avee  sos  acccssoircs,  dans  l’dtablissomont  do  M.  Kco- 
nig.  La  composition  du  noir  do  fumdo  convonnblo,^la  nnturo  du  styi^nodblo  ot 

Cos Ipe s*sd curs  o n t ^oxpdrim outsells  o  m  b  1  o ,  ot'iM.  Scott  a  roconnu  on  M.  Kcnn^ 
lo  talont  do  constructour,  bs  connaissancos  on  acoustiquo  ot  on  ^foctnro,  ainsi 

flquo.ft  industriollo  do  la  ddcouvorto  quo  M.  Scott  a  appoldb  'phonautographic.- 

publiduo's.8  1  C°'l,tin,t  "U|0Urdlim  .  P|ar°  P 

«  En  consdquonco  do  co  qui  prdeddo,  M.  Scott,  titulairo  du  brovot  n*  31,470, 
roconnuit  it  M.  Koenig  lo  droiUxcIusir  do  oonstruiro  ot  ddlivror  nu^ommorco 

brovotds  par  lui.  ..  •  ,  / 

Lesmoyensbrevelds  par  Ldon  Scott,  dans  un  certificat  cC  addition 
au  brevet  de  1857,  ot  qui  ports  la. date  du  29  juillot  1859,  dtaientles 
suivants  :  1°  lo  cylindro  ot  son  mouvemont ;  2"  le  chronomdtre  et  son 
support;  3’  le  diapason  pointour  et  son  support;  4”  la  membrane  ot 
son  apparoil  do  tension ;  5"  lo  style  souplc ;  GMacuve  et  son  support; 
7"  la  lampo  fuipeuso  ot  le  noir  spficial ;  8“  la  fixation  dos  Oprouves. 

Le  typographo  do  1'imprimerio  Martinet  n’fitait  pas  sans  rencon- 
trer  dos  Sympathies  actives  do  la  part  dos  personnes  qui  s’intOres- 
saiont  au  progrds  soientifiquo.  En  co  qui  mo  concerne,  jo  m’olTorijai 
de  rOpandre  la  connaissanco  do  son  apparoil,  otdans  ce  but,  jo  publiai 
dans  1’ Annie  sclcntiflque  de  iS58  (3‘  anniSo)  un  article  assess  dtendu, 
oxposant  los  bases  du  procfldO  invontfi  par  Lfion  Scott,  pour  inscrire 
los  vibrations  sonores. 

Voici  1’articlo  do  1’ Annie  scicntifique ; 

c  M.  Ldon  Scott,  enfant  de  la  prosso,  puisqu’il  romplit  depuis 
vingt  ans  los  fonctions  do  correctour  d'imprimerio,  a  observe  dos  fails 
neufs  ot  originaux,  rolativomerit  Ala  manifire  do  fixor  graphiquomont, 
sur  uno  surface  plane,  les  vibrations  des  corps  en  6tat  de  sonorilA. 

1  M.  LOon  Scott  croit  Alro  sur  la  voie  qui  mdno  A  la  solution  do 
co  grand  problftme.:  la  parole  s'icrwant  elle-mime.  Mais  avant  lout, 


p 

I8J0 


Pi 


'  CAUSERIE  SGIENTIFIQUE  509 

i|  imporie  do  bien  s’ontondro  sur  los  termos  de  co  probldmo  ot  sur  los 
limites  dans  lesquollos  1’autour  le  ronforme. 

«  MalgrO,los  travaux  persOvArants  do  plusiours  generations 
d’expOrimentateurs  ot  do  thCoricions,  nous  lie  savons  oncore  aujour- 
dMiui  quo  fort  pou  de  chose  sur  le  mdcanismo  do  la  voix,  sui'  los  con¬ 
ditions  ucoustiquos  do  la  parole.  Qu’ost-co,  en  ofTol,  par  exomplo,  quo 
lo  timbre  des  instruments  ou  dcs  voixV  Qu’cst-co,  dans  lo  lluido 
sonoro, que  l’ar liculation  1  Nul  nosaurait,  on  co  moment;  rdsoudro  cos 
questions  d’uno  manidro  expdrimontalo.  Fait  etrango !  la  constitution 
promidre  do  toutes  los  languos,  lours  harmonies  particulidros,  pivo- 
tont  sur  lo  phdnomdnc  phondtiquo,  et  dans  beaucoup  do  scs  parties, 
le  plidnomdno  phondtiquo  nous  ost  encore  inconnu. 

«  On  no  saurnit  pourtant  imputor,  sans  injustice,  cetto  lacuno 
dans  nos  connaissanccs  A  la  timiditd  dos  olforts  do  nos  contomporains 
ou  do  nos  dcvanciors.  Lours  acquisitions  on  ucoustiquo  ont  could  dos 
peines  inlinies,  ot  mdritent  touto  notro  reconnaissance.  On  ost  parvenu 
A'comptor,  A  mesuror,  dos  mouvomonts  si  rapidos  ot  si  mystdrieux, 
quo  le  tdmoignage  do  nos  sens  ost  impuissant  A  nous  los  fairo  saisir. 
Mais  lo  progrds  dos  sciences  physiques  languit  fauto  d’un  instrument 
qui  pormolto  do  voir,  d’obscrvcr  los  conditions,  los  phases  successives 
des  phdnomdnes  nalurels.  Sans  I’invention  des  instrumonts  d’optique, 
par  exomplo,  1’astronomiasorait  oncoro  dans  les  langes  du  borcoau.  . 

.  c  L’instrumont  qui  doit  servir  A  l'observation'des  phOnomdnos 
phondtiques,  M.  Scott  espdro  l'avoir  trouvd.ll  ponso  quo  1’on  pout, 
contrnindro  la  nature  A  consTTluor  elle-mdmo  uno  langue  gdndralo 
dcrite  do  tous  les  sons.  ,  • 

«  On  comprend.  au  seul  dnoncdde  co  probldmo,  les  immbnses 
ot  ddcouragoanlos  diftlcultds  qui  l’environnent.  Qu’ost-ce,  on  effet, 
que  la  voix?  Un  mouvoment  do  I'air,  provoqud  par  le  jeu.de  nos 
organes.  Mais  co  mouvoment  ost  trds  complexo  ot  infinimont  • 
ddlicat.  Sa  ddlicatesse  ost  tello  quo  quand  on  parle  danr  une  ehambre 
sombre,  dclairdo  seulomenl  par  un  rayon  de  soleil,  les  plus-.-firies 
poussidres  on  suspension  dans  1’almosphdre,  et  qui  sont  visibles  dans 
I’espace  lumineux,  n’on  sont  pas  agitdes  d’une  manidro  sonsiblo.  D’un 
autre  c6td,  ce  mouvoment  si  subtil  ost  oxtrdmomont  rapide,  puisquo 
duns  le  soul  inlorvallo  d’uno  secondo,  sept  cents  A  huit  cents  vibra¬ 
tions  sonores  s’accomplissent,  pourproduiro  un  son  d’uno  hauteur 
pou  dlevdo. 

«  Commont  pouyoir  recuoillir  uno  trace  nolle  et  precise  d’un  tol 
mouvemont,  qui  serait  incapable  do  fairs  frdmir  un  cil  mdmo  do  notro 
paupidro?  ...... 

t  Si  l'on  pouvait  poser  sur  cct  air  qui  produit  les  sons  ponses 
vibrations  rapidos,  uno  plume,  un  stylo,  cette  plume,  co  stylo  for- 
morait  une  trace  sur  une  couclio  lluido  convonabloment  prdparde. 
Mais  oil  trouvor.un  point  d’appui  pour  cotto  plume?  Comment  la' fixer 
Ace  lluido  fugitif,  impalpable,  invisible?  '. 


G:u:r 


jg^c  f^-©-7^.  —  ?klsu*jzsiJSLJi 


A  GRANOE 'REVUE 


Dans  l’oxamon  attontif  do  l’oreillo  intorno  do  l’homme,  M.  Scott 
a  tt'ouvd  lo  moyon  do  rfisoudro  co  problbme  si  difflcilo,  ot  do  cons- 
truii'o  un  apparoil  suscoptiblo  do  recovoir  1’impression  ties  sons,  do  la 
transporter  et  do  l'inscrire  sur  uno  surface  plane. 

«  Quo  voit-on,  on  offet,  dans  roreille  internet  D’abord  un  conduit. 
Mais  qu’ost-ce  qu’un  conduit  on  acoustiquo,  ol  A  quoi  pout-il  sorvirt 
Urio  experience  memorable,  duo  a  rillustro  doyon  de  l'Acadfimio  dos 
scioncos,  va  nous  on  fournir  uno  explication  complete,  applicable  4 
noire  objot.  Au  connnoncomont  do  co  siuolo,  pendant  uno  nuit, 
M.Biol, place  4  l’uno  dos  extr6mites  d’un  aqueduc  do  fonte.  d  uno  lon¬ 
gueur  do  950  mitres,  put  fitablir  uno  conversation  ii  voix  tr6s  basso, 
avec  un  second  intorlocutour  place  ii  l’autro  oxtr6mit6  do  co  tube 
immenso.  Ainsi,  avec  un  conduit  d’uno  longueur  quelconquo,  convo- 
nablomont  isole  do  tout  mouvement  oxtirieur  ot  de  touts  agitation  des 
couches  do  l’air,  lo  plus  faible  murmuro  do  la  voix  est  integralomont 


transmis  a  tout’o  distance.  Lo  conduit  amine  sans  alteration,  £ 
depordition,  l'ondo  sonoro,  si  comploxe  qu’ollo  soil,  d’une  des  oxti-6- 
mites  a  l’autra,  on  la  presorvant  do  toutos  los  causes  aocidontolles  qui 
pouqraient  la  troublor ;  otsi  lo  conduit  est  par  lui-memo  incapable  do 
vibrer,  si  aucuno  transmission  du  mouvement  vibratoire  no  s'accom- 
plit  sursa  route,  le  fluide  poursuivra  indefinimont  son  mouvoment 
nrimitiC,  avec  sa  purote,  sa  nettote,  son  intonsite  originolles.  11  ost 
evident,  d’apres  cola,  que  si  l’on  prend  un  conduit  fn<;onn6  on  enton- 
noir  a  l’un  de  ses  bouts,  oh  pourra  s’on.  servir  pour  recueillir  los  sons 
par.son  pavilion,  et  des  diriger,  samr'qu’ils  soient  alteres  on  aucuno 
facon,  vers  sa  petite  extrOmite.  ...  • .  ,  ,  ..... 

«’  Poursuivons  l’examon  do  l’oroille.  A  la  suite  du  conduit  auditif, 
on  rencontre  une  membrane  mince,  domi-tonduo  ot  inclinio :  e’est  la 
membrane  du  tympan.  Qu’esl-oo  qu’uno  mombrano  minco  et  domi- 
tenduo,  dans  cette  aroliitoclure  physiquo  qui  nous  occupo  ?  C  est,  sui- 
vant  la  justo  ^definition  du  pliysiologisto  MUllor,  quelquo  chose  de 
mixte,  moitie  solide,  moitie  iluide.  Uno  mombrano  participo  des  so- 
lides  par  sa  coherence,  ot  dos  fluidos  par  l'exlrAme  facilite  de  depla¬ 
cement  de  toutes  sos  molecules.  Elle  est  l'intermodiaire  employe  par 
ia  nature  pour  urio  transmission  aussi  parfaite  quo  possible,  du  mou¬ 
voment  d’.un  Iluide  4  un  solide.  La  mombrano  du  tympan  qui  lormme 
le  conduit  audilif,  nous  fournira  le  point  d’appui  que  nous  cherchons 
pour  notre  plumo. 

VNous  avons  dit  qu’il  Otait  nicossairo,  pour  la  solution  integrals 
du  problems,  quo  lo  style  posO  sur  le  (luido  on  vibration,  ou,  co  qui  ro- 
viendrait  au  mdme,  sur  ia  membrane,  marquilt  sa  trace  sur  un  corps 
domi  lluide.  En  offet,'  tout" mode  d’inscriplion  du  mouvement  qui 
exigerait  pour  tracer  la  gravure  un  effort  appreciable,  serait  impos¬ 
sible  a  co  burin  quasi  a6rion.  La  couclic  sensible  no  devra  done  offrir 
aucuno  resistance  d  cos  dblicales  emprointos.  Do  m6mo  qu’il  a  pris  un 
domi-solide  pour  agent  graphique,  M.  Scott  a  done  pris  un  domi- 


CAUSEItlE  SCIENTIl’IQUE 


iluide  pour  matrico  :  c’ost  lo  noir  do  fumco.  Uno  minco  couclio  do  noir 
do  fumOo  deposeo,  tU’etatsomi-lluido,  surun  corps  quelconquo  (metal 
bois,  papier,  tissu)  animG  d’un  mouvement  do  progression  uniforme* 
afin  quo  les  tracos  formOos  no  ronlront  pas  los  unos  dans  los  aulres’ 
(olio  ost  Ia  surface  propro  4  recovoir  los  traits  de  la  plumo. 

■  *. En  resume,  l’appareil  employe  par  M.  Scott,  pour  obtenir  l’im- 

prossion  graphique  dos  sons,  so  comppso  d’un  conduit  6vas6  ii  son 
extremite  en  uno  sorte  do  pavilion,  qui  sort  it  recueillir  les  sons  de  la 
voix  ou  dun  instrument  en  Mat  do  sonorite.  L’extr6mite  qui  termine 
co  conduit  est  formee  par  une  membrane  mince,  convonablement 
tondue  et  qui  porto  un  crayon  ou  un  stylo  excossivement  Ibger.  Co 
crayon,  mis  on  mouvoment  par  los  vibrations  de  la  membrane  provo- 
qudos  par  les  sons,  inscrit  lui-mGme  la  trace  de  son  mouvement  sur 
le  papier  recouvert  do  noir  do  fumOe,  ot  place  au  devant  du  crayon 
qui  so  dOroulo  lenloinent  et  uniformement,  par  l’effet  d’un  roua^e 
d'horlogerie.  Les  traces  laissoes  sur  co  papier  peuvent  onsuito  Mre 
reproduitos  et  fixGes  &  jamais,  gr&ce  si.  la  photographic. 

*  M.  Wertheim,  un  do  nos  jounes  physiciens,  ava/t  d6jd  obtenu 
par  dos  dispositions  analogues,  l’impression  6crite  des  vibrations  du 
diapason,  et  ii  avait  rendu  plus  visibles,  par  ce  moyen,  los  vibrations 
sonores  des  corps,  effet  que  i’on  n’avait  mis  en  evidence  jasque-ld 
que  par  1  experience  dos.  lignes  nodales  trac6os  au  moyen  du  sable 
sur  los  membranes  vibrantos,.selon.  la  m6thode  do  Chladni,  Duhamel 
etSavart.  Mais  M.  Scott  a  singuli&rementperfectionne  cos  disnosi- 


singuli&remont  perfectionnd.ces  disposi- 

is  oxppnmentales,  et  il  a  ,fcrH-unb  etudo  approfondie  de  Temploi 
n  apparoil.de  ce  genre  pour  1’examen  dos  questions  dGlicates  aui 
sont  du  ressort  de  1’acoustique. 

«  No  pouvant  passer  en  revue  toutes  les  questions  de  l'acous- 
tique  qui  pourront.  recovoir  des  ficlaircissements  utilos  de  i’appareil 
graphique  de  M.  Scott,  nous  citerons  soulorrient  les  principales. 

«  La  question  du  timbre,  par  exemple,  sur  laquelle  on  est  si  peu 
a  accord,  pourra  recovoir  d’excellentes  lumiGres  do  cette  graphic  des 
sons.  M.  Scott  a  dGj ii  rGuni  un  certain  nombre  d’Opreuvos  qui  pr6- 
sontent  los  sons  de  la  voix  compares  si.  ceux  du  cornet  si,  piston,  du 
liautbois,  du  diapason,  etc.  Les  instruments,  comma  on  pouvait  ie 
prossentir,  so  distinguont  d’ave?  les  voix  par  les  caract&res  de  lours 
Vibrations.  Ainsi  l’accord  parfail,  donne  par  Ie  cornet  A  piston,  re- 
cueilh  sur  tonoir  de  I'umGe,  dans  rappareil  de  M.  Scott,  donne  des 
ngures  fort  dissemblablos,  par  lours  formes  et  leurs  dimensions,  de 
colles  quo  fournit  lo  mGmo  accord  parfait.  GmanO  d’un  instrument  d 
cordos  ou  do  la  voix  humuine.  La  m6me  difl’Gronco  se  romarquo  dans 
lo  trace  graphique  quo  donne  le  chant,  compare  avec  le  trace  dos  cris 
explosifs,  dos  rugissemonts,  etc. 

«  M.  Scott  a  constate  co  fait  curieux,  que  lo  son  d’un  instrument 
ou  a  uno  voix  fournit  une  suite  do  vibrations  d’aulant  plus  reguIiGros, 
plus  Ggales,  et  par  consequent  plus. isochrones,  qju'i}  est  plus  pur  pour 


'  MtvurnzsEVY?': 


ttfvYc^-.un 


P 

!8*?o 


CAUSERIE  SCIENTI PIQUE 


LA  GRANDE  REVUE 


'££>  “•  —-gtajj;  rr»“iK“ 

do  M.  Scott  qui  ;*j0^^gUJ,n1pou°dqiltontionI  une,  quolquefois 
S^KiS  sccondaires,  combinbos  avec  1'ondo 

M.  Scott.  bon  cot  art  nouveau,  dont  l’oxecution 

paraft  si  ddl'icatoj  Si  unc  ^ostion  somb |^^\^>n^7o"; 
moat  do  noire  ***«%*£ ^’em  S  do  rdpondro : .  Cela 

nous  occupoUcelui  qui  lui  posorait  auss.,  a  proposdo  sos  ieche.cl.os, 

TiS‘!S«ss»« 

•  atE*£lSSS.t!ss 

littbralo  6ta.it  irr6ahsable,  on  a  sonpd  auN  moyon  ,outos  le3 

SSSssS 

Cello  reconstitution  du  engage  su  rune  base  sc.entmq  ^ 

3SSSftsS 

vers  par  Rachel :  ficrivc/.-los,  et  donnoz-les  ft  hie  ft  un  enfant, v 

SaKSSKSraftsyMU&jMS 

impnrfuilomonl  fUAt.  »  Z£ 

a  l’bcriture  ordinaire  Texpression  qui  lu.  manque,  c  , 


-  -  -S  diverses  inflexions  do  la 

ix  donl  la  declamation  s'accompagne. 

c  Les  travaux  de  M.  Scott  nous  semblont  done  marquer  lo  d6but 
d’un  art  plein  d'originalite,  bien  qu’il  soil  difficile,  d6s  aujourd’hui, 
d’en  prOvoir  et  d’en  fixer  lo  ddveloppcmont  ot  les  applications.  Si  nous 
ajoutons  que  M.  Scott,  travailleur  solitaire,  no  dispose,  comme  la 
plupart  des  inventeurs,  que  do  mfidiocrcs  ressources  et,  depute  un 
grand  nombre  d'ann6es,  prend  ses  houres  d’expbriences  sur  les 
heui-os  du  travail  de.sa  profession,  nous  donnorons  un  motif  de  plus  6 
I’int6r6t  et  ft  la  sympathio  que  ses  rechorchos  doivent  inspire.'  aux 
amis  des  sciences.  » 

Ainsi,  comme  il  btait  dit  plus  liaut,  lo  phonautographe  do  Leon 
Scott  enregistrait  les  sons  do  la  parole,  mais  il  no  la  reproduisait  pas. 
Ce  n'blnit  quo  la  moitie  do  la  solution  du  problbrne.  M.  Edison  est 
parvenu  ft  onregistrer  ot  ft  roproduire  la  parole  ot  le  chant.  Voilft 
comment  so  trouva  achovbo  la  solution  du  problame  abordO  par  L6on 
Scott  vingt  ans  auparavant. 

Mais  Lbon  Scott  no  dovait  tirer  aucun  profit  du  brillant  .comple¬ 
ment  de  sos  travaux  r6alis6  par  lo  physicien  des  Etats-Unis.  D6s  l’an- 
nonce  do  la  presentation  du  phonographs  ft  1’AcadOmie  des  sciences, 1  ' 
il  rappola  les  travaux,  fit  valoir  ses  droits,  dont  Edison  avail  absolu- 
ment  neglige  do  tonir  compto.  Il  faisait  remarquor  quo  la  membrane 
vibranto,  le  stylo  et  une  surfaco  inscrivant  les  ondulations  do  la  voix 
so  trouvaient  consignbs  dans  son  b£pyet,  bt  oxistaient  dans  son  pho- 
nautograp/ie.  'Edison  so  tint  cot.  •  ■' 

Dans  un  article  do  V Annie  scientijlque  db  1878  (22*  annbo),  bn 
rapportant  la  communication  do  Th.  Du  Moncol  ft  l’Academio  des 
sciences,  jo  signalais  les  travaux  do  L6on  Scott,  comme  ayant  sbrieu- 
semonl  contribub  ft  l'invention  nouvolle;  mais  cotte  rovendication- 
resta  sans  echo. 

Quolquos  amis  conscillbrent  alors  ft  Leon  Scott  de  sollicitor  du 
Ministro  do  l’instruction  publiquo  un  oncouragoment pbcuniaire  pour, 
la  continuation  de  sos  experiences.  Mais  ses  demarches  n’aboutiront 
qu'ftune  fin  de  non-rocovoir  nottement  formulbo. 

Cello  dornidre  periods  des  tontatives  du  malheureux.inventour 
ost  consignee  dans  une  lettre  que  L6on  Scott  m’adressa,  le  1 3  mars  1879, 
ot  quo  Pori  mo  permettra  do  rapporter  ici,  car  e’est  un  veritable  docu¬ 
ment  historique  sur  des  fails  trap  peu  connus. 

Void  done  la  lettre  de  Lbon  Scott : 


A  Monsiour. Louis  Figuior, 

J’ai  ro,u  l'oxomplairo  dont  vous.avoz  bion  voulu  mo  fairo  don  do  la  oingt-  ' 
deuxieme  annde  do  la  bollo  publication  sciontifiquo  quo  vous  poursuivoz  avoc 
uno  p.orfoction  qui  no  s’ost  jamais  ddmontio.  Yous  avoz  parld  do  votro  pauvro  . 


il 


570  LA  GRANDE  REVUE 


L6on  Scott  de  Martinvillb. 


Ainsi  econduit  par  les  bureaux  du  Ministiro  de  la  rue  do  Gre- 
nelle,  frustrO  de  tout  ospoir  et  d6nu6  do  rossources,  Leon  Scotl  fut 
force  do  renoncer  a  la  lulto.  Quelques  anneos  auparavant,  il  6lait  ontr6, 
comme  bibliothecairo  el  conservalour  dos  manuscrits,  choz  M.  Firmin- 
Didot,  qui  l’employait  A  etondre  sa  colleelion,  par  des  voyages  4 
l’Olrangor.  Ce  travail  ayant  pris  fin,  il  ouvrit,  vers  1876,  au  fond  de  la 
cour  de  la  maison  n°  9  de  la  rue  Vivienne,  une  petite  boutique  de 
marchand  d  estampes,  o(i  il  vbcut  pauvrement  jusqu’4  sa  mort,  arri¬ 
ves  le  26  avril  1879  *. 

Sa  veuvo  a  grand'peine  4  vivro.  Elio  a  une  fille  ainOo,  qui  donne 
des  logons  de  musique,  et  un  fils,  qui  so  prepare  aux  cxamens  de 
l'ficole  polyteehnique.  Elio  sollieito  un  secoursdela  Socictide  secours 
des  amis  des  sciences,  fondeo  par  le  baron  Thenard,  pour  venir  en 
aide  aux  Veuves  et  enfants  dos  savants  tombbs  dans  l’inforlune,  et 
Dieu  sait  si  elle  a  droit  4  la  charitable  attention  do  cette  societe! 

D’autre  part,  nous  lisons  dans  le  Bulletin  international d’tllectricUi! 
du  mois  do  septembre  1890  : 

«  La  Compagnie  fondeo  4  Londres  pour  l'exploitation  du  nouveau 
phonographs  d’Edison  a  acheto  son  brevot  6  millions.  » 

Sic  cos  non  cottis  mcllijlcatis  apes. 

Sic  cos  non  cobis  nidifteatis  aces. 


LOUIS  FIGUIER.  . 


?u. 


'.TRICITY  IN  THE  HOUSEHOLD. 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1891 


2E  /(C  -£■-/ 


PREVENTING  RIVAL  CITY  LINES.  lSry  ni«chi!.SrfJui°Ti‘.v. 


— ^  '  / & . ^V'- 

THE  OEANGE  WIZAED. 


tenia.  Very  Kttlo  business  in  tlio  lino 
of  railway  equipment  iti  done  by  other 
companies.  The  Brush  and  Iho  Short, 
and  the  Thomson*] louston  systems  aro 
electrical,  and  ho  aro  tho  Edison  and 
bpraguo  Mvetome.  Tho  WcatinghouHo 
syatoinfe  the  Westinphouso  Hystoin  and 


is?)  „ 


"tc 


■ .  ^  {,.»paWH^?;un^0V6)yifttt6*e6v6re,leaByBt 

Y  'Jwao*^pfopoa6^.il.r6ra8W|im‘qu'on;  peut  flVnai 

1JM0RTBS  ST  WAN®  a21£S*;S=-Sf ■ 

■III.  Vi-,.  - :  ;■  •-  ;  .,  -  ::  ■ ue Hi 55imaom ■&'. f. i  PiriiT ■  Lv tffl&wSr- 

*»*•••*■•. ».  ;  ..ael^iKsaB-ira  enriit  -m.:iii,  oh.L-  v“l"  , 

n'rV1  :  ■!* .  •  '.*‘*7";.'  t.  \  V  • ,  •  *  Jftw*lo*i  *ui  J  >  mins •  toui  lea  jw'yji  cWiMjfni  ct 

.'•:4  ■ ■  ■', ’:  '■  .DEUXlfcME  PARTIS  •  , . .  ■  ‘S5@^ 

•J  ■>.  ...  . .  •  IjES  FILLES ,  . . ,  '  '1b^ujiu5  M;JjWuVntiaor»8.’«)(po«4coAipi0,i 

',?fBoBdm.6taUohplclnod6om)cncc  ;.llavatt:  Joa.procddd’  nusinS^rdilaiT  lids  digoea.4oj 
}.i\t  Br«n4,  il  so  tossait  coramo  une  vici  lo  flxw^nilsj.-finoi  lccisur.':  •  >■  :  ■  ■  : 
•Bdlissso  ;  il  nvait  did  fort , H  dovonait  ftebo  jpSnJIpo:, common;  a  ,to«»;  1?’ . *>  6,ra“ 

et  trainarrt  ou  .pluldt.lc  mal  da|ait  do  long-  «{S5fftKVar.-KiiMiilhl»a  •  canaille ,  en  cam . ■  »«; 

,.torans:;  U avail  dtd  sobrc,,  il  compiait  par-  jwui  engendror  on^ 
mi  les' ; ivrognes  flolTds  du  quurlicr  ;  o  dlait  aumlnodx.quO  eh  polot 

;'un  vrai  sac'ft  bidro  ct  ft  vin  Mono  ou  bloii,, 

“nroduit1'  enipoisonnd  dcs  nuslns -sees,  dti:  fomnaBSn 

'  hois  da  ciimpdche,  do  I’anilino  ot  do  toutes’  >S?^:Vant  nno  tSurd^nuiloonqSoiTpi’  POJWM 
,  lea  .ddtostablos  chimics  modernes.  Bau-  nwrnir^rmurniiwuoo’  incftMtoi’/'da  limWJJ 
(Mpi-rcssaniblait  i.uiic  lutaillesdbhdeau  so-;  :. potou, cotraapowialur •» ¥*•»" rt#SK!5  r£a  1 
■  leUidtijuiperd  lo  liquido par, Ironic  Assures.;  ipolnl^formor.lOTrnoeimagop^ 

: ^Baudru  me  tenait  pas'  clair.  II  aurait  bu<  Rpwdft  rrfi&e? 

•null  cl  jour  sans  relftcho.  "  •  '  •  »e- “ono.nt  ptur;d.) 

ioCc  ludieuavco  .equal  fth  no  va  pa 


'fhtmi/X. _ 


&Eiti  U  'eclonco  ailieUe'iomsQ  ] Bob^deciiler  J  idp.  uteoalot*  ahMt-eojwme 
•  indt  ?  Toiil1  proijrfti  'on  oppollo  un ’ outronoutp  .  ^olrolodustrlo . lo  .go? 

■mxssssssmmBi  iBtmms&eM 

•DrimernourU'o 


. 

;  notar  toil's  bob  gestos,  no  rion  perdro  do,.*.. 

fffiS2SS®£>"§i 

{wnloateUyeiJdans  la 'floo'indpAilrale  'da  Scmiij 


WSKWSS 

s-aasssSs 

asteisp 


i>/€ 


^8<j|  "PAeno.-^:1 


TUESDAY, .  MAX  1 2,  1 891 


EDISON’S  IN  CHICAGO. 


The  Wizard  of  Menlo  Park  Stop-  | } 
t  ping 'at  the  Auditoriurr 


'•  As  Profossor  Barrett,  a  vorjl 


TELLS  OF  His  LATEST  INVENTION ! 


CHICAGO  DAILY  t>GLOBE:  WEDNESDAY  MORNING;  aiA.Y,,T3l 


T> 

\%%i 


park  prints  of  tbo  future  of  clvili;  f 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


P  Pc&CuSU-  — 

THE  ILLUSTRATED  AMERICAN.  '«?!,  ^‘3/0klio!  1891. 

'  fected,  which  it  will  he  long  before  it  can  be  exhibited  at 
111  1  ■  1  -T~-‘  '  ' '  •  ~l  the  Chicago  lair,  eacli  little  muscle  of  the  singer's  face  will 

||  be  seen  to  work,  his  facial  expression  with  its  every  change 
"  AND  THE  will  be  exactly  reproduced,  and  the  stride  and  positions  wdl 


1  “  PUNCH"  AND  THE 
KINETOGRAPH.  ' 


Who  would  have  supposed  that  George  I)u  Maurier 
could  forecast  the  future  as  well  as  draw  pretty  women 
lovely  children,  and  one  St.  Bernard  ?  Nearly  eleven  years 


be  natural  and  will  vary  a 
That  is  only  one  part  of  u 
sporting  fraternity  1  can  s 
sible  to  apply  this  system 
tions.  The  whole  scene, 


>,  the  talk  of  the  seconds,  the 


son  by  de  Tomkyness,  t 
as,  that  artful  <•  cad,"  ; 


las  so  cleverly  hit  off  the  loiblcs  ol  Lon-  doubting  Thomases  forgot  all  about  his  "  wild  scheme.' 
//—the  man  who  gave  us  those  pushing  A  short  time  ago  there  was  held  in  New  York  a  con' 


,  and  tlie  stride  and  positions  wdl 
s  do  those  of  the  person  himself, 
hat  the  machine  will  do.  To  the 


an-nosed  interested  in  women's  clubs  and  their  work,  and  si 


PUNCH’S  ALMANACK  FOE  1879. 


7  ... 


)TES  ON  CURRENT  SCIENCE,  INVENTION,  AND  DISCOVERY. 


HOMAS  A.  EDISON,  the  famous 

world  a  description  of  the  highly  "sen" 
nt  he  believes  he  has  accomplished  in 
it  sphere  of  photo-electric  kinematics. 
dj  a  highly  composite  mechanism  which 


replaced  in'  the  machine  and  a  projecting  l 
substituted  for  the  photographic  lens.  No 
adjusting  the  phonograph  and  by  means 
calcium  light,  the  whole  scene  may  be  rcproi 
i n  your  drawing-room.  As  the  impressions  ar 
manciuly  taken,  the  scene  may  be  reproduced 
later  and  as  many  times  as  any  one  desires  I 
it.  ;Thc  photographs  arc  reproduced  in  min: 


ADVERTISE 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


mill  sicjcly  in  health, 
ditiou  of  tlid.cstn.b- 
'  abominable  to  the 

•  nee  used  clergyman 
to  trial,  bail  .  b'cliiy: 

to  enable  him.  to  at- 
of  the.  diocese  of 
nher. 

by  a  Bear.  • 

mie  Ghrout  l". 

g  in  from- Morgan  - 
il  of  the  sad  death 
if  Burke  county,  a 
She  attended  a  cir- 
n,.  and  though  Bess¬ 
ie,  bear  who  jumped 
•lied  her  painfully, 
lit  tke'nceident  was 
at  eh  “was  more  se- 
■mpposed,  nnd;  She 

•  •eta.  It-  is  aup- 
liat  she  neglepted 
I  that  her  death 


in  Oork. 


Cable.  . 

.  ■  28. — Dispatches 
t lint  all  is  quiet  in 
morning, ,  but  the 
i  readiness  to  meet 
Messrs.  Brein,  Djl- 
pfiests  are  aetivc- 
n  city  for  the  Mc- 
late  for  the  seat  in 
mtons  made  vacant 
Parnell. 


Man's  light  With  a 
tiof.  ' 

:a.,  last  Saturday, 
n  grounds,  a  man 
\  J.  May,  and  who 
i  Macon  county,  N. 
lie  had  been  robbed 
the  polico  reached 
him  engaged  in  a 
-ithths  thief,  who- 
n  his  band  andarm. 


$4.10;  R.  It.  i'orter,  $3.1();  &  (}. 
Moseley,  $250.  Lot  No.  1 1 ,  cort 
tier  Porter  avenue  anil  the'  Lniiis- 
Imrg  rornl,  1  llilxl  18;  went  to  Mr. 
C.  J.  Merriuni,  at  $210.  No.  15, 
to  N."B.  |  Broughton  flir'$39(),  and 
No.  4  to  him  for  $300.  No.  77wns 
taken  by  D.r.  A  w.Knoxnt$'i'85,nnd 
No.  1,  at  ,$1,000.  went,  to  him  also. 
Both  these  front  on  North  Person 
street  aud  are  1.10x70  'feet.  Dr.' 
Knox  also  secured  lot  No.  *23, 
G()x210  feet,  fronting  on  Onkiht.lt: 
avenue,  for  $.175,  Dr.  Jus.  MuICce 
taking  the  next  one,  of  the  same 
size,  for  $'400.  Mr.  Fnli.  il.  Briggs 
gave  $.130  for  ,a  lot'  72x178  leet. 
Among  other* ’  purchasers  of  lots 
were  Messrs,  waiter  U.  worn  hie, 
E.  R.  Pace  and  R  .1.  Powell.  -  In, 
nil  40  lots  'were  sold. 

EDISON  ON  *G0LD  Mips.  - 

Ho  Talks  in'  a  Very  Unoomplimontary 

Way  of  North  Carolina's  Gold.  . 
j  Now  York  World. 

Mr.  Edison'  wiis  talking  the  other 
day  uboul  his  experiments  in  the 
North  Carolina  gold  Helds.  lie 
said: 

“My  experiments  were  all  right. 
The  trouble  was  the  lack  of  gold. 

I  spent  several  months  travelling 
over  North  Carolina  and  I  found 
.in  fact  that  every  farm  had  a  gold 
mine,  but  the  gold,  if  it  ever  exist¬ 
ed  in  large,  quantities,  has  been 
taknn  out.  The  mines  had  been 
dug  down  to  the  water  level  in 
slavery  days  and  there  was  nowhere 
gold  enough  to  pay.  I  found'  the 
country  too  far  off  and  too  much 
out  of  the  world  for  a  civilized  man 
to  settle  in,  and'I  concluded  to  come, 
back  ,to  New  Jersey  and  devote  my 
attention  to  iron.  There  is  more 
money  in  [iron  than  in  gold,  aud 
the  New.- Jersey  iron  mines  -  ore-go¬ 
ing  to  produce  some  of  the  best  iron 
products  cjf  tbo  future.” 

.  “Why  pon’t  you  go  to  Mexico?. 
Thorc’s  plenty  of  gold  .  and  silver 
there."  •  !  •  -,  . 

“IPs  too  far  off/’  -  was  Mr.  Edi- 
soiPa  reply, -“and  life  is  too  short  to 
.waste-  time?  in  travelling  from  ono 
place  to  ahother. ■. 

-,  S-I/Ac 

/e-UM6"U' 3  ■ 


Boys  have  been  arrested  at  Cre- 
doim  Eng  In  ml  lor  attempt  to  wreck 
an  express, train. 

Col.  Hewitt,  the  Inst  surviving 
officer -of -If-tilcrlon  is  dead. 

•  Floods  in .  Ragland  are  subsiding. 

The' Military  Oommittoo’s  Work, 

Thu  .committee  upon  which  the 
eitizl.'iis, .'lmve  placed  the  diily  .of. 
arranging  for -the  entertainment 
and  reception  of  the  Fifth  Maryland' 
regiment  has  elected  Mr.  ,C.  G. 
Lut t a  treasurer  and  Messrs.  Tliofniis 
Badger,.  K.  B.-  Eiigellm'rd  aiid 
Frank  Stronucli  audiiiiig  eilmmit- 
lee.  It  has'  been,  deeidtd  that  a 
barbecue  shall  be  given  the  visitors 
.November  1 1 1  h,  at  the  Exposition 
grounds,  and  Messrs,  ,w.  IC.  Ashley, 
John  It.  Fernill,  H.  II.  Roberts. 
James  Boy  lan,  william  Cram  and. 
At  B.  .Stronucli,  of  the.  citizens’ 
committee  of  •  fifty  .were'  ap¬ 
pointed  to  arrange  for  this. 
It  is  also  decided  that  a  military, 
hall  shall  be  given  and  that  the 
chief  marshal  and  the  hall  mana¬ 
gers  shall  be  officers  of  the  State 
Guard  and  the  floor  managers  mem¬ 
bers  of  the  Capital  club,  under 
whose  auspices  the  ball  will  ho  giv¬ 
en.  Col.  Harrell,  Col.  Olds  anil 
Capt.  John  Cross  nru  appointed  a 
,  committee  to  select  the  chief  mar¬ 
shal  ‘  and  bull  munugers.  Several 
proposals  to  furnish  food  to  the, reg¬ 
iment  were  received.  For  'th'u.  'ra¬ 
tions  the  regiment  pays.  Water 
pipes  and  faucets  arc  bring  placed 
in  the  warehouse  wlilqh.  will  bo  the 
quarters,  the  company,  furnishing 
the  water  free,  and  Mr  Colin  Haw¬ 
kins'  furnishes  the  electric  lights 
free.  CotB  nnd  •'  mattresses' 
for  .  the  550  men  are:,  to 
bo  provided.  It  will  require  .  con¬ 
siderable  money  to  properly  enter¬ 
tain  thin  grand  regiment,  whose 
coming  to  Raleigh  is  a  high  honor 
to  the  city.  To-day  the  committee 
will  begin  its  work  of  soliciting  sub¬ 
scriptions  and  it  is  hoped,  and  bo-  ' 
Iieved  that- no  citizen  will  fall  short' 
of  bis  duty  nnd  fail  to  give  liberally. 
The  committee  will  carefully  can- 
ynsj  the  city  for  this  fund. 


ermir  l’utlir 

libel  casis  ng- 
Inquirer,  tin- 
l’liilmli-lpliiii, 
uf  I Inri-is>tiirp' 
piirpomi  'to  ha 
i liu.  courts  o 
propose  thnt  i 
said  lie  would 
the  present  ,ci 

OK^P 

Fora  Purseol 

p ion ship 
The  grout  N- 
William  Wyi. 
George  Fftzsii 
will  meet  in  a  i 
race  at  the 
to-day:  T(ic 
purso-  of.$a0t 
agement  hni(io 
iudiiccments  w 
ally  It  will  be 
Great  crowds 
go  out,  besid- 
visitors  and  a 
Greensboro.-. 

.  Regarding 
that  each  is  a  1 
miinity,,  nnd  - 
wailing.  nnd 
cither  Orcon'sl 
!s  a  great  rid 
long-boob  con 
of  North  Carol 
thorn  has  .never 
race.  Both  W 

being  somcwlu 
been  training 

which  by  orig 
tirely  to  occi 
CnnbNicLs  pr< 
vance  to  the  w; 


“Wjnnor.'t  . 

.-•  One  of-  tho 
aches  is  causer 
ing.  Bradycr 
cures  it. 


WHAT  IS  THIS  STATE  ■/'» 
_JmED4.IF.E4  _ 

v%iiinu  A.  Edison  Believes  That-Every  I 
|  ^Atoin'orMittor  Is  Imbed  with  ; 

;  .  a  Oraater  or  Less  Fnnd  1 

of  Molligenoe. 

THE  WIZARD  AS  A  PHILOSOPHER.  S 


KM 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1892 


- -  NEW  .ORLEANS.  LA 

+bth-28~-Wil2~- 


EW0M1EMN  STRIKE 


L 


Tho  Company.  Worff  Proparlncr  to  Put!  -^W-Sa-Iggjgv 

h  ,1^  Op-.nt'on  a  Pr..Ur- Slmrlnc]  - _ 


. Ni  Y.  TfitBb'vr  ^  ^  "  9  iWjUl 

.iia..«e.ifi!12- .  /"'/ . ~ . 7'T'i  (f>^?yc60 

,  EDISON ;MAKES70BTEOTION.  ^  >_/'  ~  " 

HC  13  SAm^To^oppc^aJoHso^LinAnoK  j  I  ,ELECTRI0  DlSAPPOIKTMEtlTS.  i  . 

iina  >hrz&iUB$as  IS.  the  XJBECrjUokx.  COMPASTTi  *Inrd  Experience  with  Many  oi**lhe  J_ 

‘  .  v  ^jComronte«-.Tl<e  Recent  Penh.’  ••  »  ; 


Z/^Om-*U_ 

. CHICAGO^  ttr~ . 

-TT- . 

FOB  ARBEIT  PLAIT 

Chicago  to  Secure  a  Gigantic!; 
Electric  Concern.  1, 

TO  ECLIPSE  ALL  EIVALS.^ 

The  Projects  of  Siemens  and,  | 
Halsko  of  Berlin.  ’  ,5 

WORKS  TO  BE  BUILT  AT  ONCE 


Plaua  for  Temporary  ami  Permanent- 
Structures. 


ARE  TO  PE  EXPENDED.' 


MILLIONS 


(kd^MJArSUU-^ 


uNrYvEVEWmG-A9VERT»SERr 


uu  remark  tliatVctrlcol  science  1 
3  lotuucy.  Aa  vel  ila  HmU«cau  be 


P 0  BEAT  A  TRUST; 

J  That '  is ,  What  tfis  WestlnghouVs 
i  .  Electric  Company  Is^After. 


A  RICH  CONTRACT  THE  STAKE; 


BiLg 


EliEOTBIO  COMPANIES 


in 


.  \%% 

— T^lJ'  ' WYT  N’  Y:JmuNE... 

•—  .  ."71 

UUTOlflTiCKlViUSIC.  .  M  4Q  im 

CKEL-iN-THE-SLOT  MACHINES  DoS  f<  /I 

.  NOT  PAY  IIEKE.  '  ,  ma^o  iist  Moray  os  ouo- 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


EIGHTH  YEAR  OP  SUCCESS. 


l'ntni  Hie. . O  ^-C-^ObJ  (AM 


■^ORTtrAMO..,  OP-£ 

(o-0>  -C!2- 


<***■ 


:o  Oh»nc‘Si5?7vS'-v„et,-''0-f  n.3 


gulslied  electricians,  amo„,  whom  „mv  1 
.Faraday  in  1800,  Cooko  nnd  Wlin.t,t™. 

Willlmn  Thomson  in  1870,  J  P  Joul 
;  *  Holuikoltz  in  1888, 

Scientific  American 
June  18.  1892 


tuArt  >u-4?s  j 

. . 


jf-Y,  JOURNAL  D 

-~zzzr~~  /m 


jlnyCnt0r:>E^on\>M^3^a 

ft  '!  St“<ly  of-lte  CigfaretteiiffiS 


v  mn 


muisoN  iw  winner; 

The  Mak: 

p^tiie:Iiamp  Case  in"  Favor  ofi&j 
Park's  Wizard. . . 

[MILLIONS  ;  will  change  hands; 


. ..JilEEALO 


AN  ELECTRIC  WAR  AHEAD 

Edj^jv  Rumored  (o  Do  Gencrnling 
Company,  ;  .  | gj 

TOLARD  MAY  BE,  HIS  AIM 

Hal  tho  Wizard  Roslgnetf  * from  rlM 
'  Company  That  Boars.  Ills  Namo?J 


i,  that  wo  may  onjoy  tho  oloquoneo  of  a  away  from  our  dwellings,  to  sco  •military 
>nt  orator,  hoar  his  voice,  sco  his  face  processions  or  oivio  parados ;  thoso  who 
I  form  and  every  movoinont  ho  makes  aro  interested  in  swift-running  horses  can 
ono  timo  while  in  our  own  homes ;  boo  a  raco  going  on  at  Shoepshead  Bay  or 
obrated  actors,  singers,  etc.,  may  in  liko  Monmouth,  without  leaving  Now  York* 
inner  ho  called  buforo  us  whilo  wo  sit  and  just  here  lot  it  bo  reiiiembered  that 
our  drawing  rooms ;  wo  need  not  resort  this  instrument  may  play  a  most  useful- 
scats  in  tho  'open  air,  situated  miles  part,  for  in  a  closo  raco  where  a  few 
incltos  of  spaco  turns  tho- 
•  .  -  -----  11  V  1  •  yJ  scales,  it  will  tako  down  just 

IX* X.  what  happened,  faithfully? 

ft"  V  "  and  tho  kinetogniph  will 

jj  tj  ^  also  record  with  fidelity  all 

that  takes  jplaco  at  prize 

fU'i  •  •  >W  '.'  ,..V  <  :  **  •  * ' .  ft-jl  fights,  baseball  contests  uud 

b  ! «■» ■>"  IW 

|BgS!Stps®|»pl  s  u, 

;r.  ')*'?*  T*?"  ii  11,0  i,reMmt  *higo  of  this  in- 

.  Wjd*£*A:3&Jh ;  *>iyi  volition  to  onmnoruto  all  tho 

3t>  Yi  \)rX  xlf  i  |  uses  to  which  tho  phono- 

iii  a  lllliillsylu  «»«*  or  ktaetogmi*  is 

- - Applicable.  Suffice  it  to  my 

'u  -  ■  'iif  .  '  -h'  --r  '  ‘  tlmt  its  cnimcUiiM  uro  up- 

'n  j-;  parently  unlimited ;  uspvc- 

^WJtevslrpK’*  Wly  does  this  view  ot  it 

3  d  "I'i'ly  to  its  powers  us  a. 

.  soureo  ot  iiiiiiisemont. 

?,W C|‘f ^ 

^wsmsssm^asu 


It  is  difficult  to  oxugger. 
Iito  tho  hnportunco  ot  ac¬ 
quiring  good  methods  of 
dictation.  And  although 

sidor  it  a  minor  coiiBidom- 
tion  in  tho  category  ot  pro- 
ct-ssos  by  which  lio  arrircB 
at  obbiining  records  ot  offico 
work,  it  is  in  reality  a  prim¬ 
ary  necessity.  Tlioso  who 
dictatolottors,  documents  or 
any  instruments  of  writing 
aro  often  unaware  that  tho 
fault  of  imperfect  copying 
lies  ut  their  door.  Tho  rea- 


ovorlap  each  other, 
separate  form  or  ini  pi 
fused  aud  wholly  dilT 
what  ho  expects.  Let 
ciute  distinctly,  that  is, 
in  his  words  a  full  am 
arato  sound.  Wo  do  m 
tend  to  bo  understood 


should  bo  loud  am 
enough  to  be  hour 
tho  click  of  the  n 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


THE  PHONOGRAM. 


yist. 

o  reader  will  romlily  soo  that  somo  Thia  is  tho  season  of  fairs, 
:bo  suggestions  apply  particularly  to  ton,  Pittsburgh,  and  vnrioui 
igniphie  dictation,  while  tho  otliors  tho  stirring  pooplo  of  our  coi 
to  tho  records  of  tho  typewriting  ploiting  tho  objects  display 

illc-  _■ _ purohnsors,  witii  commends 

_  intelligence. 

graph  holds  il 

for  il  is  like  a 
evor  offering  soi 
Tho  Anicric 
exhibition  is  i 
and  persons  fr 


came  to  wiines 
Ilian  cclcbrntii 
haps  to  make 
the  coinmcrcia 

gat i i or  more  fa 
At  tholnstitu 
of  thirty  feet 
votcil  to  the  p 
to  rest,  and  is  a 
orated  with 
adorned  with  a 
of  Mr.  Edison, 


-<1  CV',^1 

I 
Is 


wW- 

A-'i 

M. 


recitations,  ilea 
wishes  of  the  [m 
from  tli use  is  \ 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


mmUi 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1893 


Tiik  Minot  Ledge  lighthouse  In  of  granite ;  height,  88 
feet,  the  lower  40  feet  being  solid. 

Scientific  American 


April  8,  1893 


j^jppeot-.ofv.Oonaiderably^JIprcC 
‘  V'r  Xegal  Fighting  f.for  the^&Sf 
l-':.  Edison  Monopoly.  1  , 

HOPE  FOR  OTHER  COMPANIES. 

Judge  llullett's  Decision  Shows  That  tho 
Henry  Goebel  Claim  Has 
Not  ileen  Settled. 

UE  REFUSED  AN  INJUNCTION. 


2TI1TTH  YEAR  OP  SUCCESS. 


ELECTRIC  AGl 


I  can't  bear  tlio  i 
io  in  ten  years,  i 
•  <lay  to  miss  an  i 


EDISON  AT  WORK  IN  HIS  LABORATORY. 


-  ■  . : 


All  of  us  know 
lysiologicnl  lessons 
net  on  n  frog’s  im 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


i'«~i'2KK-T3r-S0CUJSSST 


NINTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS. 


From  ll,  e . POOP-MA^. 

. . ,4.€«?*e' V  C4T ,  (OA 


rVife 


^beoltwM|m>jx>wJ3SII*1KoiKut« 
itrl.uloola  bjr  'telitebjfriWtipnrt  jwr- 

i]  auui»<ul  i*p#rlro*nt,;!ftoa'ii^*»Ua  ailvu* 


•y  torn  over  mado.  Tbo  truth  is  tbatexe* 


;f-  ■’  f  *«*»*»«■»>'  fjwwVr'*  ^tr: ■^('•"^niwp^' 

l ...A  ,4rX<:i  /iV  '• 


ILLUSTRATED  SUPPLEMENT 


XXn.,  NO.  266. 


TNfLDWUHG. 


'fAT'HEF?,; 


I  WHILE  PAHCING. 

'll  III  AH  I ‘WAIT 

for  nTM'f ir  • 


THE.  SONG  THAT  DID 


HEART. 


D  |S?3  file*,. 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1894 


extract  the  following  short  notice  of 


N.  V,  HttSS 

BSTUD^BLEgTBICICIT^ 

sppHsiEg; 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


TENTH  YEAH,  OP  SUCCESS. 


y 

. 

Dafi^frJhL 

44-lg. 2A_  . 

CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1895 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[FROM  LESLIE'S  MONTHLY,  FEBRUARY  1895] 


f  iu  » 


WONDERS  OF  THE  KINETOSCOPE. 


ig  tho  tlirco  months  preceding  n 
tlio  doutli  of  Nureissc  Ledoux  I 
;li  of  his  story,  the  peculiar  mid  w 
i  of  his  wasted  life,  and  that  his  i 


d  sue-  son  and  his  wife  reinorcd 
Drilled  them  their iinfortnnato  cliiM 
itched  whose  heart  ha  had  broki 
lopted  tombs  of  mi  old  Now  Orlcn 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


.IE'S  MONTHLY,  FEBRUARY  1895] 


WONDERS  OF  THE  K1NETOSCOPE. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[FROM  LESLIE'S  MONTHLY,  FEBRUARY  1895] 


WONDERS  OF  THE  KINETOSCOPi 


[PHOTOCOPY] 

[FROM  LESLIE'S  MONTHLY,  FEBRUARY  1895] 


WONDERS  OF  THE  KIXETOSCIJRE. 


Lilly  figures  plying  tlio  motions  of  tlioir  niimio 
life  with  ft  vim,  nit  wise  nml  celerity  which  givo 
substnnco  to  our  foiling  dreams  of  clflndntu.  I»ro. 
jootod  storeoscopicnlly,  tlio  results  nro  liner  still-; 
life  size  is  uttaiiied,  together  with  n  pieusing  ro¬ 
tundity  lucking  in  ordinary  photogrnphio  dis- 


240 

•pioto  tlio  paront’s  own  words,  “who  from  lie 
birth  lias  spoken  all  languages,  played  all  instri 
meats  and  imitated  all  sounds,  cooing  with  II 
babies,  whistling  with  tlio  birds,  singing  will 
operatic  stars  and  discoursing  with  tho  philolo 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[FROM  LESLIE'S  MONTHLY,  FEBRUARY  1895] 


260  ’  '  ;  WONDERS  OF  THE  KINET08C0PE. 

Mone  "tho*  nlmnnilrtt*  d'rorc®d  from  tlio  kinoto*  sarronnds  tho  laboratory.  It  i.  a  peonliarl 
Mope,  the  phonogiapli  was  a  tantalising  snggea-  shaped  and  colored  structure,  too  in-".”--  r„ 


S.S.  CoLUrtgs/y 


THE  ELECTRICAL  JOURNAL.  S'  j  Vol.  I,  No.  x 


thermometer,  phonomotor  ho  is  poorly  good.  A  photo-  his  profession,  to  stand  in  with  ids  brotlior  engiueors. 
grnplno  pinto  cun  rogistor  the  impressions  of  more  pointH  They  nil  togotlior  should  toaoli  to  tlm  trust,  to  tho  col¬ 
or  light,  any  stars  with  n  simple  Ions,  than  man  can  per-  potation  and  to  tho  citizen,  that  it  is  equally  ns  absurd 
coivo  with  the  Lick  rolractor.  As  an  electrometer,  to  doviso  plants  for  niftnufaotnro  and  stations  and  to  run 
whether  Ainporo  or  Volt-motor,  ho  is  a  dead  failure.  them  without  competent  and  woll-ronmnoratod  ongin- 
.  Prom  creation  the  paternal  sun  Ims  boon  throwing  eors,  us  it  is  to  build  roads  without  survovs  or  build 
myriads  or  waves  of  electricity  and  magnetism  and  man  houses  without  architects ;  that  it  is  equally  ‘as  absurd 
was  innocent  ol :  tho  existence  of  either  of  tlioso  forces,  to  leave  the  wiring  of  houses  to  tho  contractor  ns  it 
e™'1  8“!°.lU,8t?  l.ho  '“-‘ginning  would  tho  plumbing  to  tho  plumber.  That  it  pays  to 
of  this  oontmj  to  knon  something  ol  thoir  nature  and  mvostigato  whether  or  not  tho  ohoapor  is  tho  best,  anil 
mako  thorn  manifest  at  thoir  will.  iNot  until  half  of  tho  that  money  spout  in  paying  well  tliooonsoiontiouson- 
contury  had  elapsed,  was  it  found  that  they  were  oorrol-  gineer  is  tho  host  or  all  economy, 
ntives  of  heat  and  light.  Tho  century  is  closing  and  wo 

monstrated  by  moans  of  his  osoilator  and  ronsonator  tho  THK  COLUMBIA'S  PLANT  DISMANTLED, 
oxistonco  of  suoli  waves  and  has  monsurod  tho  time  and  /  _ 

sizo  of  thoir  oscillations,  anil  togotlior  with  Tosln,  Thom-  /)  .  .  \ 

son  and  otliors  have  domonstralod  tho  otlior  points  of  X  Altai'  tho  present  mouth  tho  interest  which  tho  vot-  \ 

rosomblanco  to  the  laws  of  liglit,  /  orans  of  incandescent  electric  lighting  have  always  foil  \ 

It  is  in  this  direction  and  the  thorough  knowledge  Oregon  Railway  and  Navigation  Company’s  stoam- 

of  these  facts  and  theories  that  will  bring  forth  tho  great-  8,,iP  Columbia,  will  fade,  for  that  vcssol  is  now  on  tho 
os t  number  of  inventions  in  Kicctro-ningnotism.  dry-dock  at  tho  Union  Iron  'Works,  in  San  Francisco,  be- 

Tho  main  departments  in  which  Electricity  may  be  !nB  entirely  reconstructed  and  its  venerable  electric  light- 
used  is  as  power  to  overcome  gravity,  energy  to  produce  ,n6  P*a,lt,  which  was  not  only  tho  ilrat  ovor  placed  on 
h-at  •  light,  and  as  means  to  promote  chemical  re-  a»y  vessel  in  tho  world,  but  was  also  tho  first  plant  in- 
Ions.  stalled  for  commercial  purposes  and  placed  in  tho  hands 

shape  of  evaporation  and  condensation  of  tho  outfi(1°  l^Ues  for  operation  by  tho  original  Edison 
wator  and  in  tho  heating  of  tho  air,  wo  have  Electnc  Light  Company,  has  boon  torn  out  and  will  bo 

_  i  \  valuable  sources  of  power,  via.;  wator  and  wind  r0l),U(:0(1  ^  mo(lcni  apparatus.  Tho  history  of  this 

pooiv  lt  iFkaown'-tirartl'y^pTiIeinnilffy^ontli^ntthd^  'u?Hl‘>ll»to‘'eat*,‘g-iIiahUiaiiou.has-btum_iiA8ci:ibod.  heictov.- — 


an 


HlT,M39r4L-y - 


NG  SUIT  AHEAD 


.  rS; ,on  •':1*pom,80,l  ovorJ 
[» of  Wootr  I  cal  A  ppl  la  hoos’jj 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


FUNERALS  BY 
i  PHONOGRAPH. 

undertaker  Siilwell's  Machine  Is  WeM 
Trained  and  It  Has  Never  Spoken 
a  Profane  or  Vulgar  Word, 


PREACHERS  ALL  OUT  OF  TOWN 


Too,  Will  Be  Performed  by  !he  Aid 
of  the  Lillie  Cylinder. 


mourners  all  deeply  moved. 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 
1896 


! .  ... 

Ww 


EDISOl 


LIGHT. 


1  ■ 

and  otlior  light  rays.  being  discharged  in  a  vacuum  bulb  or 

I  was  wolcomcd  by  the  wizard  and  Orookes  tubo  of  his  own  pattern,  and 
told  to  tiiuko  myself  at  homo  "fora  fow  apparently  oblivious  to  everything  in  <£* 

minutes,”  when  ho  would  return  and  tho  world  but  tho  gradation  of  the  light ,  \ 

talk.  Then  ho  wont  away  and  appa*  within  tlio  tubo.  \  \ 

rontly  forgot  that  I  over  oxistcu.  Mr.  Edison  is  oxporimonting  with 

!  I  chatted  with  his  nssisU  X 

|  ' ) 

1 

-  .  .  Si 

niglit  camo  on.  ilion  i  the  appearance  of  negatives 
wont  on  a  hunt  for  Edison,  vacua,  the  poors 

. 

^  -  ■  ,  | 

METROPOLITAN  MAGAZINE, 


To  put  the  point 
clearly :  light  fall¬ 
ing  upon  the  eye 
produces  a  chemi¬ 
cal  action  in  tho 
retina  cells,  and 
consequently  vis¬ 
ion;  by  roversing 


will  produce 
cs  of  light  to 
tho  brain,  and  if 


Electric^  Engineer. 

203  Broadway,  New  York'city. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


'  Chicago,  Ill.  -  Tribune 


riff  USE  OF  IMIS, 

,  Tesla  anil  Edison  Perfect  a 
;  ' -Revolutionizing  Light. , ;  j 

|p ’Ijp  ter  Til.  IN  A  RO  L, A! UPR 

SffiuIuiitio„  >  \y  u.  r'. 

'  ®  Unusually  Brilliant.  "  1_ 

L,  UTILIZED  WITH  THE  CAMERA 

L  .l'liotograiiti  Is  Taken  After  Tv 
^  .  ,  omls’  Exposure. 

:  DISCOYEBIKS.  ABB  SISIOLTANEODS. 


L  ELECTRICAL 

EXPOSITION,  GRAND  CENTRA: 

L  l’ALACE, 

Dhaw.v 

liv  Geoiiub  W.  Uheck.— [Skk  Paqk  64 

».];  | 

BBW 

iyj 

•N*  Y.  Press 
■  JUt  "i’9  1896 

FHlSQN'lS-AIhLAKExGEORGE 
3oif,  Club  Officers— Two  Men  Wheel 
from  Colorado— New  Cottages/ ^ 


Z  Ff  T  . 

“WHA  FO  ?” 
SAID  LL 

l^en  the  Viceroy .  Poked,  His- 
Cane  into  a  Monster 


From  THE  PHONOSCOPE .  A  MONTHLY  JOURNAL  DEVOTED  TO  SCIENTIFIC  AND  AMUSEMENT 
INVENTIONS  APPERTAINING  TO  SOUND  AND  SIGHT.  VOL.  I.,  No.  1.  1896-11-16 


EDISON.  HOW  HE  WORKS  AND  RESTS 

Thomas  A.  Edison  went  up  to  Luke  Chautauqua,  H.  Y.,  last  month  to 
bring  homo  his  family  who  had  boon  spending  their  vacation  at  that  place. 

On  his  way  homo  Edison  stopped  In  Buffalo  and  was  interviewed,  in  part 
as  follows,  by  a  reporter  for  the  Buffalo  ^Express"! 

"Have  you  been  taking  a  rest,  was  tho  first  question  asked  of  Mr.  Edison. 
"No,  no,"  laughod  the  invontor.  "What  do  I  want  of  a  rest?  I  never 
restj  what's  tho  use  of  it?" 

THo  "Express"  man  agreed  that  a  rest  was  not  noodful  to  Mr.  Edison's 
robust  uppouranco,  and  he  asked  the  following! 

"Don't  you  ovor  rest?" 

"Well,  that  depends  what  you  mean  by  rest.  I  sloep,  of  oourso,  but  I 
hardly  ovor  go  on  a  vaoation.  My  family  go  on  vacations  and  I  go  after 

"What  are  you  devoting  your  efforts  to  just  now?" 

"Oh  twenty  or  thirty  things.  I  always  havo  that  many  things  in  prospoot. 
I  om  striving  to  make  a  oontrivance  whereby  I  con  use  a  phonograph  and  a 

vitasoopo  in  conjanttion.  This  will  mako  a  regulation-sixed  theatrical 

production,  with  tho  scenes,  acting  and  spooking.  Tho  kinetosaopo  was  one 

step  toward  this,  the  vitasoope  was  tho  next,  and  now  I  hope  soon  to  have 

the  climax.  I  have  it  about  completed,  but  not  quito  so." 


lotioeable 


"Have  you  anything  in  proapeot  which,  when  introduced,  will  be  rovol- 
utioniiing?" 

Ur.  Edlaon  luughbd,  snapped  the  ashes  off  his  cigar  and  answered] 

"The  publio  doesn't  like  wind;  it  likes  realities.  I  novor  like  to 
tell  whut  I  nay  do,  but  when  I  have  it  done  I  on  willing  to  disouss  it. 


foal  wall.  The  papora  in  New  York  recently  had  me  broken  down  in  health  and 
aeokinE  a  plane  of  rent.  Y0u  can  aoe  tho  l'alaity  of  thoae  etatononta." 

"Do  you  thinfc  there  ia  a  limit  to  the  poeeibility  of  eleotrioity?" 

!ir.  Edison  hoeitatod  a  moment,  winked  one  eye,  aa  ia  his  habit  when 
he  ia  deliberating,  and  onawerodt 

"Ho,  I  do  not,  Eleotrioity  will  accomplish  groat  things  in  tho  near  fut- 
uro.  Tho  Improvements  of  tho  next  twonty  years  will,  in  my  opinion,  bo 
as  great  aa  havo  been  thoeo  of  th-.  last  twenty.  They  will  not  be  so  amaring, 
toaauae  they  will  not  strike  us  ns  having  boon  so  noarly  impossible,  noth¬ 
ing  now  aooma  to  be  too  great  for  the 'people  to  oomprehond." 

"Hill  eleotrioity  supplant  steam  on  the  railways?" 

"It  will,  yes,  but  Just  when  I  oannot  prodiot.  It  will  do  aonon  many 
of  tho  shorter  lines  right  .long  now,  but  on  the  trunk  linos,  not  for  some 
time  -  or  until  the  olootriciane  got  what  to  them  is  tho  philosopher's 
stone i  that  is,  generating  eleotrioity  direct  from  coal.  This  is  what  all 
eloctrioians  aro  striving  for  now." 

"Are  you  working  it?"  was  asked  of  the  Inventor. 

"I  have  boen  working  on.it  for  several  years." 

"Do  you  oxpoot  to  make  the  disoovory?" 

"There  you  ore  again,"  laughod  Ur.  Edison.  "I  ronlly  osn't  snyj  but 
X  will  say  that  the  problem  is  a  baffling  one." 


III-- Chronicle 

•-  rnv 

BEYOND  THE  PjOWeTof. MAN]  I 


Edward  Ludeke  Acts  as 
Aid  to  Science. 

TO  SETTLE  ALL  DOUBTS 


■  Test  Conducted  in.  Presence-' 
of  Dr-  Strieker 


BY  COMMERCIAL  TRIBUNE, 


DARKNESS  NOT  DISPELLED. 


X-/& 


J  1  j;  .  I  tho  development*  of  ll> 

rx?s. 

r^-irrSnf^ira’  Blind  Glrfc’ir'j ' S“Kuh?ulr  “mi,° 

‘  V  ’  ■•■■  -  ~  ■?— ^:*--5y~^~|V.''Th»  iMMdUHUni  or  11 

x  aa-srs  used  dibectly  ,'aiTSST,  S?£l* 

v  "  ■'•  >r  ™E;EYES.  He  lm.emo 

Vi  : - '  -lnjllioUKh  the  esprrime 


LIGHT  WAS  DISCERNIBL 


logTJow  it  ig  TOTTO 

x  TO  MqWTW IWd 

To 

Ti.o„„,  T*™’5  MARVELLOUS  new  experiment. 


TR;||0  JEFFREYS'3  EXPLANATION. 


WHAT  DR.  REULINC,  OF  BALTIMORE.  s’aYS. 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1897 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


MR.  EDISON’S  IflfefiS 

•^ONjmFROM  TREES. 

When  fhe  Cdal  Js^jYe  Shall  Havffo'ko  for 

’  Raising  W.oo^  £0  G?f  Power. 


J^POSSIBLE  BUT v  fiF  Rr  Al  ITfWPri 

K.  TIDES  IN  A  \ 

Mi 


Syracuse,  N.Y.-Courie, 
FEB  U  1897 


J^7  ’‘(S^TKuel^ 


.pot 


Thomas  ^^Edison,  the  Inventor, 
trip  to  Allentown,  Pa.,  for  the  purpose 
Ing  a  test  at  the  Crane  Iron  Company 
*ttac<$j>f  his  briquette,  manufactured 


Llftfo !?- 


nttsb’urgjPaj  -  DispaKT/ 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


^Electrical  IReview 

Times  Building,  41  Park  Row, 


STEPHEN  L.  COLES, 


Special  motfec  to  Zl&wcrtlocrs. 

CHANGES  for  udrerllsemcnta 
lust  bo  hi  t/ils  oJllco  b,/  J'rldny 
ooufor  iho  followlny  V’cc/.’s  Issue. 
2T13  W  Al>  VElt  TISEMENTS 
1  ou hi  be  in  the  o/]lcenot  Inter  than 
Urn-day  noon  to  insure  jmblica- 
311  the  foil  owln, .-i  week. 


EDISON  ORE  MINES, 


ciation,  hold  at  Xingnrn  Falls,  N.  Y., 
last  week,  was  attended  by  about  4 
1,000  persons.  Tho  exhibition  of 
electric  railway  .supplies  and  appli¬ 
ances  was  the  most  eornplolo  ever  bold 
at  any  fcimo,  and  tho  ontertaimneut 
provided  for  tho  visitors  was  of  a 
pleasant  and  instructive  character. 
Looked  at  from  any  point  of  view, 


'  INTERVIEW  WITH  Mil.  EDISON — 
DESCRIPTION  OF  HIS  VAST  WORK 
AND  UNIQUE  PROCESSES— AN  IJI 
MENSK  FORTUNE  EVIDENTLY  T 


uiu  vmiwre  was  oi  a  A  TALK  WITH  EDISON  AT  HIS 
instructive  character.  LABORATORY, 

out  any  point  of  view,  I  was  told  that  I  might  find'  Mr. 
m  was  a  thorough  sue-  *'tl5son  ttJ0  much  absorbed  to  take 
ocas,  mill  its  proceedings  will  hoof  "»?  moments  from  his  work  os  these 
undoubted  benollt  lo  tho  oleotrio  mil-  tho^devoiopn’wit  of  this' horcnlo™ 
wny  field  in  gonorul.  task  of  electrically  taking  iron  oro 

The  various  sessions  of  tho  mooting  from  the  earth  was  occupying  his 
were  marked  by  u  promptness  quito  but  that  during  theso  October 

utiiisunl  in  the  currying  out  of  a  set  mornings,  whilo  at  Ornngo,  lio  renohod 


point  appreciated  by  overy  one 
preson t,  and  was  due  ch icily  lo  the 
excellent  management  of  the  assooia-  '> 
tion'a  affairs  which  has  prevailed  ; 
during  tho  past  few  years.  President  . 
McOullooh  occupied  tho  chair  with  1 
dignity  ami  ability,  and  Secrotary  i 
Pon in gton  performed  bis  many  oner-  i 
ous  tasks  with  promptitude  and  thor*  1 


•ars  ago  by  bis  employ 6s,  and  where 
>  spends  many  of  his  studious  hours, 
lie  spacious  galleries  are  /Hied 


storage  battery  as  applied  to  traction 
purposes.  Throughout  the  discussion 
it  was  evident  that  tho  delegates  were 
porfectly  familiar  with  tho  question 
in  hand,  the  result  heing  a  valuable 
i  contribution  t o  tho  n o wl e*l cro_on 

both  subjects. 


Edison  appeared  with  his  head  in- 
dined  downward  apparently  in  deep 
meditation  lie  was  dad  in  a  long 
bine  frock  cb?t>mnd  wore  on  bis  bead 
a  light  sloudt- Imt.snch  as  is  com¬ 
monly  seen,  though  this  carelessly 
hung  on  his  head.  I  could  just 
imagine,  ns  lie  crossed  tho  lqrgo  hall 
To"  greet’  me,  tlmif  this  ■’umisunl— 
thoughtfulness  was  ovidonco  that,  now 


swly  elected  president,  Mr.  tho  question  of  furnishing  the  m 


KBclLLAflloB] 


Nov.  12,  1897.] 


ENGINEERING. 


579 


ED  J SO  A 


plied  for  one  year,  or  the 
three  years,  even  with  the 
in  demand.  Sixteen  tl 
twenty-five  square  miles 
enough  iron  ore  to  keep 
supplied  for  seventeen  y 


Son  of  the  Famous  Electrician,  Sent 
|  'Forth  to  Shift  for  Himself, 

■ — -  Astonishes'  His  Fathen 

HAS. INVENTED, A- NEW  LAMP. 

.„*? Formidable  Ei- 
.  valrytoDislliustfiousPnrcnt . .  .1 
■  ■  in  ■  His  Own  Line. 

/EARS  IN  THE  LABORATORY;! 


.fhiladelphfa^iv-Rspord 


CLIPPINGS  FILE 


1898 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


Oft£L  M/C£./W£  — 
O' ft  T7  2-  M  s A/ 

/t?e 


SIX  ©’CLOCK 

— (3PORTIWC  EXTRA.) 

I'ALL  THE  /1E/1BER6  -  . 

OF  THIS  FAMILY 


p 
18?  8 


i&ililipl 

'-f^s 

tag  RT  ^aTi>j 

8.  -'Im 


.  -  . 


i ; 


10  <.;'('!  y Q\clL  br  NEW- YORK  TRIBUTE  ILLUSTRATED  SUPPT/RMT?.NT 

NEW  OSES  FOR  CONCRETE.!  _ 


IE  SLOTTING  MACHINE— CUTTING  SAMPLES  FOR  TESTING. 


THE  TURNING-ROOM-SOMg  FORCINGS  pEADY  JO.  BE  TURNED. 


[PHOTOCOPY] 


klfi'i!  U*  C  M  Y 

MWi18'b9£  ^MtniOTO 


EDjSON’S 
SON  JOINS 
THE  ARMY. 


William  Will  Be  a  High  Pri¬ 
vate  in  the  Volunteer 
Engineers.  ■ 

MAY  TRICK  THE  . SPANIARDS. 

Some  Famous  Men  Among  the 
Recruits  Gathered  for  This 
Corps  of  Brains. 

GRADUATES  AND  VETERANS., 


I 


j HOW  TO  SUCCEED  -  \  Uhirtee 


'Dogged Persevenjancels  the  Firdfi 
rc  Requirement,  Then  Keep  Your 
t  Mind  Free  and  Active  in  Your 
I  Particular  Field. 


^  THIRTEENTH  YEAR  OF  SUCCESS 


APft  *  jsq« 


j-theph.Ho^ph  and  the  klnetoscope.  * 


'i©ii.'ii,Ui»,iglli.g3fcl  •  •  ilia  4jJ 

Jiia^Sa*. 


mtm 

mmmm 


(/my 


[  nights  witlu 


mm 


is  f£a  , 


PUBLICATION  AND  MICROFILM 
COPYING  RESTRICTIONS 

Reel  duplication  of  the  whole  or  of 
any  part  of  this  film  is  prohibited. 
In  lieu  of  transcripts,  however, 
enlarged  photocopies  of  selected 
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may  be  made  in  order  to  facilitate 
research. 


A  Note  on  the  Sources 

The  pages  which  have  been 
filmed  are  the  best  copies 
available.  Every  technical 
effort  possible  has  been 
made  to  ensure  legibility. 


FINANCIAL  CONTRIBUTORS 


PRIVATE  FOUNDATIONS 
The  Alfred  P.  Sloan  Foundation 
Charles  Edison  Fund 
The  Hyde  and  Watson  Foundation 
Geraldine  R.  Dodge  Foundation 


PUBLIC  FOUNDATIONS 

National  Science  Foundation 
National  Endowment  for  the  Humanities 
National  Historical  Publications  and 
Records  Commission 


PRIVATE  CORPORATIONS  AND  INDIVIDUALS 


Alabama  Power  Company 
Amerada  Hess  Corporation 
Anonymous 
AT&T 

Atlantic  Electric 

Association  of  Edison  illuminating 
Companies,  Inc. 

Battelle  Memorial  Institute 
The  Boston  Edison  Foundation 
Cabot  Corporation  Foundation,  Inc. 
Carolina  Power  &  Light  Company 
Consolidated  Edison  Company  of 
New  York,  Inc. 

Consumers  Power  Company 
Coming  Glass  Works  Foundation. 
Duke  Power  Company 
Entergy  Corporation  (Middle  South 
Electric  Systems) 

Exxon  Corporation 
Florida  Power  &  Light  Company 
General  Electric  Foundation 
Gould  Inc.  Foundation 
Gulf  States  Utilities  Company 
Idaho  Power  Company 
International  Brotherhood  of  Electrical 
Workers 

Iowa  Power  and  Light  Company 


Mr.  and  Mrs.  Stanley  H.  Katz 
Matsushita  Electric  Industrial  Co.,  Ltd. 
McGraw-Edison  Company 
Minnesota  Power 
New  Jersey  Bell 
New  York  State  Electric  &  Gas 
Corporation 

North  American  Philips  Corporation 
Philadelphia  Electric  Company 
Philips  International  B.V. 

Public  Service  Electric  and  Gas 
Company 
RCA  Corporation 
Robert  Bosch  GmbH 
Rochester  Gas  and  Electric 
Corporation 

San  Diego  Gas  &  Electric 
Savannah  Electric  and  Power  Company 
Schering-Plough  Foundation 
Texas  Utilities  Company 
Thomas  &  Betts  Corporation 
Thomson  Grand  Public 
Transamerica  Delaval  Inc. 
Westinghouse  Educational  Foundation 
Wisconsin  Public  Service 
Corporation 


BOARD  OF  SPONSORS 


Rutgers,  The  State  University  of 
New  Jersey 

Francis  L.  Lawrence 
Joseph  J.  Seneca 
Richard  F.  Foley 
Rudolph  M.  Bell 

New  Jersey  Historical  Commission 
Howard  L.  Green 


National  Park  Service 
John  Maounis 
Maryanne  Gerbauckas 
Nancy  Waters 
George  Tselos 
Smithsonian  Institution 
Bernard  Finn 
Arthur  P.  Molella 


EDITORIAL  ADVISORY  BOARD 

James  Brittain,  Georgia  Institute  of  Technology 
Alfred  D.  Chandler,  Jr.,  Harvard  University 
Neil  Harris,  University  of  Chicago 
Thomas  Parke  Hughes,  University  of  Pennsylvania 
Arthur  Link,  Princeton  University 
Nathan  Reingold,  Smithsonian  Institution 
Robert  E.  Schofield,  Iowa  State  University 


CORPORATE  ASSOCIATES 

William  C.  Hittinger  (Chairman),  RCA  Corporation 
Edward  J.  Bloustein,  Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  New  Jersey  * 
Cees  Bruynes,  North  American  Philips  Corporation 
Paul  J.  Christiansen,  Charles  Edison  Fund 
Philip  F.  Dietz,  Westinghouse  Electric  Corporation 
Roland  W.  Schmitt,  General  Electric  Corporation 
Harold  W.  Sonn,  Public  Service  Electric  and  Gas  Company 
Morris  Tanenbaum,  AT&T 


•Deceased. 


THOMAS  A.  EDISON  PAPERS 

Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 

Thomas  E.  Jeffrey 
Associate  Director  and  Microfilm  Editor 

Robert  A.  Rosenberg 
Managing  Editor,  Book  Edition 

Helen  Endlck 

Assistant  Director  for  Administration 


Associate  Editor 
Paul  B.  Israel 

Research  Associates 
Theresa  M.  Collins 
David  W.  Hutchings 
Karen  A.  Detig 


Assistant  Editors 
Keith  A.  Nler 
Gregory  Field 
Lisa  Gitelman 
Martha  J.  King 

Secretary 

Grace  Kurkowskl 


Gregory  Jankunis 


Student  Assistant 
Bethany  Jankunis 


loma&U/  Cdu)0ru  mpest* 


A  SELECTIVE  MICROFILM  EDITION 

PART  III 
(1887-1898) 


Thomas  E.  Jeffrey 
Microfilm  Editor 


Gregory  Field 
Theresa  M.  Collins 
David  W.  Hutchings 
Lisa  Gltclman 
Leonard  DeGraaf 
Dennis  D.  Madden 


Mary  Ann  Hellrigcl 
Paul  B.  Israel 
Robert  A.  Rosenberg 
Karen  A.  Detig 
Gregory  Jankunis 
Douglas  G.  Tarr 


Editors 

Reese  V.  Jenkins 
Director  and  Editor 


Sponsors 

Rutgers,  The  State  University  of  New  Jersey 
National  Park  Service,  Edison  National  Historic  Site 
New  Jersey  Historical  Commission 
Smithsonian  Institution 


University  Publications  of  America 
Be  tiles  da,  Maryland 
1993 


I  I  I1  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  I  llllllll 

MILLIMETERS  ^  7°  80  90  1  00  ,10  12t 

-  -  -  —  ■ - — -  ONH-DECIMFTFB  — _  _ 


Compilation  ©  1993  University  Publications  of  America. 
All  rights  reserved.